===== PAGE 1 =====

Teen

DECEMBER 1958

[DEAS ON LIBERVY

On Turning Back the Clock . . . . . Ralph Bradford 3
Liberal or Conservative? . . . . . . Samuel B. Peftengill Nn
The Prophet, de Tocqueville . . . . . William H. Chamberlin 14
Educational Trends . . . . . . . . Ann Terrill 22
Yhe Rebel Farmer . . . . . . . . George Winder 25
leave It $0 Junior . . . . . . . . Paul L Poirot 28
i, Pemei! . . . . . . . . . . . Leonard E. Read 32
Yurgot, on Unionism . . . . . . . Thomas J. Shelly 38
Voluntary Unifonism . . . . . . . R.C. Hoiles 44
Freedom Is Indlivisible . . . . . . . Reginald Jebb 46
A New Birth of Freedom . . . . . . John Chamberlain 49
Other Books . . . . . . . . . . 54
Index . . . . + +. «4 4. 57

THE FOUNDATION
FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, INC.

ievington-on-Hudson, Now Ver



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===== PAGE 3 =====

MEMO ON PRIVATE ENTERPRISE

No. 3 in a series

“Taxpaying private carriers will be spared
from further government competition...”

In a June 1958 letter to the Sen- ness should not now be turned
ate Post Office subcommittee, the back to the government.”
Chamber of Commerce of the .

United States outlined its reasons The Chamber pointed out that
for urging Congress to reject pro- parcel post still is a subsidized
posals that would amend the government service, since part of
present law (P.L. 199 of the 82nd its costs is hidden in the budgets

Congress) by increasing parcel ol other agencies and a
post size and weight limitations. arged against the Post ce
Department. Moreover, postal

“P.L. 199 was brought about,” facilities are not adequate now to
the Chamber asserted, ‘as a re- provide all the service assigned
statement of policy by Congress, to the department. Any increase
because the original purpose of in the size and weight of pack-
establishing parcel post had been ages permitted in the mails would
distorted over the years by adminis- increase the need for more govern-
trative action until the Post Of- ment spending for better facilities.
fice found itself in the freight

business. It is obvious, therefore, that to

enact any legislation that would
“Since enactment of the law,”” turn business back to unfair
the Chamber said, ‘“‘substantial government competitive service,
amounts of large package business would, in effect, be turning our
have been returned to commer- backs on the fundamental prin-
cial carriers. This has benefited ciples of the American economic
the nation’s economy. The busi- system.

For a free copy of the informative
booklet, “The Truth About Parcel Post,”
address the Public Relations Division,

RAILWAY EXPRESS AGENCY, INC. urnesa

219 East 42nd Street, New York 17, N.Y.

2

A PRIVATE ENTERPRISE IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE



===== PAGE 4 =====

THE

Teemdn AR MONTHLY JOURNAL OF IDEAS ON LIBERTY

DECEMBER 1958 Vol. 8 No. 12

LEONARD E, READ President, Foundation for
Economic Education

PAuL L. POIROT Managing Editor

THE FREEMAN is published monthly by the
Foundation for Economic Education, Ine.,, a non-
political, nonprofit educational champion of private
property, the free market, the profit and loss system,
and limited government, founded in 1946, with offices
at Irvington-on-Hudson, New York. Any interested
person may receive its publications for the asking.
The costs of Foundation projects and services, in-
cluding THE FREEMAN, are met through volun-
tary donations. Total expenses average $12.60 a year
per person on the mailing list. Donations are invited
in any amount — $5.00 to $10,000 — as the means of
maintaining and extending the Foundation’s work.

Accepted as controlled circulation publication at Irvington, N. Y., with
additional entry at New York, N. Y. Copyright, 1958, The Foundation for
Economic Education, Inc. Printed in U.S.A.

Additional copies, postpaid, to one address: Single copy, 50 cents;
3 for $1.00; 25 or more, 20 cents each,

Permission is hereby granted to anyone to reprint any article in whole
or in part, providing customary credit is given,

Any current article will be supplied in reprint form If there are enough
inquiries to justify the cost of the printing.
FE


===== PAGE 5 =====

LE A LETHAL SHIBBOLETH which col-

IE lectivists of all kinds (conscious
or unconscious) have employed to
confound and confuse those who
oppose them is this: “Surely you
don’t want to turn back the clock!”

Are you worried about the size
of the federal debt and its effect
upon solvency, prosperity, and
freedom? But my friend, what
would you do-—turn back the
clock?

Do you believe federal aid to
education is wrong in principle
and dangerous in practice? That
makes you not only an enemy of
education, but an irresponsible
person who would nullify progress
— by turning back the clock.

Are you apprehensive about the
growth and influence of the fed-
eral bureaucracy, and the extent
to which it can flout Congress and
the people? But surely, as a be-
liever in progress, you wouldn't
want to turn back the clock!

Do you believe there is a threat
to free government in the way
many states have shirked their
clear responsibilities and now look
to the central government for
doles? Then without doubt you
are a setter back of clocks and a
kind of menace yourself.

Do you now and then express
some alarm over continued defi-

Mr. Bradford is a well-known writer and busi-
ness organization consultant.



===== PAGE 6 =====

4 THE FREEMAN December

cit financing and consequent debt, it will sooner or later differ from
devaluation, and inflation? But every other clock.

the clock, man, the clock — do you Recall, if you will, the experi-
want to turn it back? ence of the Emperor Charles V.

And so on and on, infinitely and When he had abandoned the pomp
to a sickness. of state for the quiet of his mon-

Now the tragic note in all this astery, he liked to pass the time
nonsense is that many real con- tinkering with clocks. There were
servatives and true liberals (the two that became his special pets,
terms, when properly used, are but he soon discovered that they
synonymous) have let themselves simply wouldn’t keep the same
be victimized by the phrase. In- time. He spent weeks trying to
deed, they often use it themselves. regulate them, but at last gave up
I have heard men sigh despair- in humorous despair — not, how-
ingly over some current folly of ever, without the recompense of a
squandered public funds, then bit of philosophy. “To think,” he
shrug and say resignedly, “But I mused ruefully, “that I attempted
suppose we can’t turn back the to force the reason and conscience
clock.” of thousands into one mold — and

I can’t even make two clocks
The Sacred Clock agree!”

But in the name of all things If the clock were human, and
holy, what is so sacred about a not a mere assembly of interlock-
clock? “The clock,” said Walt ing cogwheels and escapement
Whitman, “indicates the moment” ratchets activated by weights and
— and he added, “but what does springs, such refusal to conform
eternity indicate?” — which may would be admirable, even though
have been a poetic non sequitur, it might be irritating to conform-
but not when you consider that it ists. But in a clock it is only irri-
pretty definitely put the clock in tating, especially when it causes
its place. us to miss a train.

A clock is just a moment-indi- Of course, it is possible, and at
cator, It is a mechanical contrap- times quite easy, to grow senti-
tion that doesn’t even measure the mental about a clock. I can still
time it indicates. It merely ticks summon an unashamed tear when
it off in robot fashion, sometimes I hear the old song or read Henry
quite erroneously; and about its Work’s touching verses about the
only claim to originality or dis- grandfather's clock that was so
tinction is that, being mechanical, much too tall for the shelf that it


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1958 ON TURNING BACK THE CLOCK 5

stood ninety years on the floor — tion. This was accomplished

ninety years without slumbering, simply by lifting the weight with
his life seconds numbering, and one hand and pulling down on the
stopping short, never to go again, dangling end of the chain with

when the old man died. the other.
i The clock was a lovely old time-
In Grandfather's Time piece, and I think my grandfather

This is all the more real to me had a secret fondness for it. Once
because it summons up a dream- I saw him pat it much as he might
like memory of my own flesh-and- have patted one of the horses. But
blood grandfather and his clock. I it used to try his patience and test
can see it as a scene from my early. his fondness by being perverse and
boyhood. Like most grandfathers erratic in its performance. Errat-
of that time, mine had a fine, flow- ic, that is, about the amount, but
ing white beard and rather long never about the fact, of its devia-
white hair. He might have been tions. It was always fast! Some
a good stand-in for Father Time days it gained more than others
himself each night when, the last — but it always gained.
thing before he went to bed, he Grandfather, who was a pretty
crossed to one side of the big liv- good mechanic, had formerly
ing room to wind the clock. tinkered with it considerably. He

It, too, stood on the floor, being fiddled with the weights that ran
too tall for any shelf in the house. it, slid the pendulum balance up
It, too, was a grandfather’s clock, and down, adjusted the escape-
both literally and by popular des- ment, and did various things to
ignation. It, too, was “taller by its more intimate innards. But it
half than the old man himself,” was all to no avail.
but as to whether it weighed not Grandfather, in fact, had the
a pennyweight more, I cannot Emperor Charles V one up. The
testify. What I can testify is that retired monarch couldn’t control
it ran by weights — two metallic two clocks; grandfather couldn’t
cylinders or cannisters that were control one!
filled with scraps of iron and sus- So at last he quit trying. He was
pended from chains which ran licked, and knew it. Each night
over activating sprockets in the he went patiently through the rou-
mechanism above. In the course of tine of “winding it up” — that is,
24 hours these weights gradually of raising the weights. Each night
descended; each night they had he thereupon glanced at the big,
to be pulled back up to top posi- thick, turnip-size, key-wind watch


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6 THE FREEMAN December

he carried. And each night he hogs went down. It was going to
uttered the ejaculation that had be a very tight year financially.
become as much a bedtime formula So what did they do? I don’t
with him as his nightly prayer. recall that there was any moaning
“Huh! By Jing —she’s fast about their hard fate. There was
again!” no declaiming about what society
And then — hold your breath, owed them as producers of food
my brethren; put on the storm and fiber. And if anybody had
windows; batten the hatches; pre- suggested to them that some
pare for disaster piled upon sac- branch of government at Wash-
rilege. Because . . . ington or the state capital ought
Then he turned back the clock! to give them a handout, they
He turned it back in other ways, would have been both amazed and
too — I mean in the terms of to- indignant.
day’s metaphorical cliché. That is What did they do? Why — they
to say, he didn’t hesitate to back turned back the clock! They said
away from some preconceived they would make the old stove
plan, or to give up some antici- and the old reaper do for another
pated luxury or convenience, if it year. They didn’t particularly
didn’t seem wise or feasible in want to do this, mind you; they
view of new and unexpected con- wanted the comfort and cleanness

ditions. of the new stove and the saved
} . labor made possible by the new
They Lived within Their Means reaper. They desired also the pride

I remember once he and my of ownership that would come of
grandmother had planned some possessing such modern improve-
improvements around the house ments. But they were not willing
and in his farm equipment. A new to spend beyond their resources.
base burner was to replace the I do not mean that they were
well-worn space-heater stove in the governed by primitive concepts of
big living room, and a resplendent economy. They understood the
new reaper was to shine in place usages of deficit financing, al-
of the outworn and outmoded old though I doubt if either of them
one. The plans were all made, the had ever heard the phrase. But
money set aside — and then dis- they were perfectly willing, on oc-
aster struck. A flash flood washed casion, to “go into debt” when it
out the small bridge into the back was clearly in their interest to do
pasture, a hail storm half ruined so-— as when they had an oppor-
the wheat crop, and the price of tunity to purchase an adjoining


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1958 ON TURNING BACK THE CLOCK 7

forty acres at an attractive price, Field. They also had a substantial
and did so, giving back a mort- savings account — but that was a
gage for the unpaid balance and hedge against sickness. They were
paying it off out of what they all set for the trip; and they could
earned from the added acres. That have gone. But it wouldn't have
was good business. But they were been prudent, so they called it off.
not willing to “go into debt” Poor, benighted, underprivileged
merely to gratify their desire for people that they were, they didn’t
the luxury and convenience of the know any better than to turn back
new farm and household equip- the clock.

ment. They said they would wait a And incidentally, let it be re-
while. They said they would “make corded that a few years later they
do.” Not being aware of the awful did make the trip to Illinois. They
social and semantic consequences did get the new stove, and grand-
of their action, they simply and father didn’t merely get a new
as a matter of course “turned back reaper; he got the latest thing in

the clock.” harvesting machinery —a combi-
] nation reaper and binder. They
A Trip Postponed paid for over 300 acres of good

Another year they had planned farm land, raised a numerous
a trip out into Illinois to visit family, had a good comfortable
relatives they had not seen for home, and were never in want.
years. Such travel was not fre- There were no price supports, no
quent in those days. The trip soil bank, no crop insurance — yet
would have been an experience for grandfather made the place pay.
them both. It would have set them There was no “social security,” no
apart in the neighborhood. They old-age pensions from the govern-
would have been travelers with a ment; yet when they were old,
capital T. They would have had they were well taken care of —
something to talk about for a long and not by the charity of their
time. children, either, but by the pro-

But that turned out to be the vision which they themselves had
year of the big drought. There made against that time of life.
was almost a complete crop fail- They worked, they saved, they
ure, and grandfather's income was traveled some, they enjoyed the
reduced to practically nothing. Of good things which the life of their
course, they had some money in day offered them; they were sub-
the bank — but that was to meet a stantial people and good citizens.
mortgage payment on the Hill But they would be a disturbing


===== PAGE 10 =====

8 THE FREEMAN December

pair of serpents in today’s eco- roads to the nearest paved high-
nomic paradise; and I have no way. When the spring thaws came,
doubt they would periodically they were stuck in the mud.

scandalize all true progressives by Virginia had recently adopted
unceremoniously turning back the what was known as the Byrd Law,
clock. which said in effect that in build-

The moral of this piece, if it ing roads the state would proceed
has one, is that there is nothing on a pay-as-you-go basis. When-
sacred about the clock, neither as ever sufficient funds were col-
a timepiece nor as a semantic sym- lected from the state gasoline tax,
bol. To be modern, to be up-to- roads would be built. When there
date, to be three jumps ahead of was no money —no roads. And
the Joneses —this is not always to there were to be no local road dis-
be either wise or successful. This tricts, no local bond issues. That
is as true of governments as it is was all well and good, but we and
of persons. Sometimes the part of our neighbors were stuck in the
wisdom for men and nations is to mud. However, we did not feel
slow down, to wait awhile, to let that we were due any special con-
things unfold — and yes, even to sideration. After all, nobody had
turn back the clock. forced us to buy property in that
area.

But we did have a problem, so

Twenty odd years ago my wife we organized a group of citizens
and I bought an old house and to see what could be done. We con-
a few acres of land in northern ferred with state road officials.
Virginia, just fourteen miles from The district engineer explained his
downtown Washington. In spite problem, which was simple. He
of its proximity to the Capital, it had a certain sum of money that
was still rural countryside. year; it would build so many miles

A small railroad of the old in- of road; the highway commission
terurban type, which ran from had decided it was more impor-
Washington to the Great Falls of tant to the general public to close
the Potomac just beyond our up certain gaps in the main high-
place, had lately gone bankrupt ways than to build our side road.
and discontinued service. For This was tough on us, but it was
those who had built or purchased logical. It made sense, and we ac-
homes along its right of way, the cepted it. We wanted and needed
only access to Washington was a a hard surface side road; we
drive of two miles over muddy side wanted it then — that year. But

A Road-Building Project


===== PAGE 11 =====

z

1958 ON TURNING BACK THE CLOCK 9

we turned back the clock. We “coffee” to meet a candidate for
waited. Congress. He was a very person-
Next year the engineer told us able man — one who will have a
that by squeezing and pinching he lot of popular appeal. The man
had managed to get together who introduced me to the candi-
enough money to build a base for date happened to have worked
our road but that he simply with me those twenty years ago
couldn’t stretch it far enough to in getting our road; and he men-
top the base with the usual tar tioned our experiences of that
and chip preparation. How much time.
was he shy? He told us the The candidate’s comment was to
amount. If we got the money for the effect that such methods may
the topping, would he build the have been all right for those days
road? He would. So my neighbor (those days! He talked as though
and I went from house to house, it were at least as far back as
collecting fifty dollars here, the Civil War!) but that we had
twenty-five there, and ten yonder. to move faster now. Human wel-
- And thus we got our road. fare and convenience demanded
Of course, this was all wrong by that progressive people move in
big spending standards. The state and get things done quickly. And
should have voted X hundreds of more to the same effect.
millions of dollars in bonds and Both in speaking semiprivately
built thousands of miles of high- with me and later in his informal
way, right away, quick. That's the talk to the assembled group, he
modern and “progressive” way. called for this, that, and the other
Human needs must be met, now — “improvement” that simply must
and anybody who worries about be achieved without delay — all to
the cost is a shortsighted reaction- cost very great sums of money;
ary who cares more for dollars and not once did he even mention

than he does for human values! the federal debt or suggest any
plan or purpose to reduce the cost
Promises, Promises, Promises and size of government.

But we got our road. We turned The group that met with him
back the clock —and I, for one, - perhaps twenty-five or thirty
have never been sorry. And now people — were all householders,
for the belated sequel, which taxpayers, presumably responsible
might be captioned “Twenty Years citizens. Moreover, they were all
After.” people of education and experience

The other day I attended a — and I don’t believe there is the


===== PAGE 12 =====

10 THE FREEMAN December

slightest doubt that the big-spend- as sacrosanct, simply because they
ing candidate will get all their are performed now? Are the ex-
votes. They are not going to turn periments of today worth so much
back the clock! more than the experience of yes-
It may be ticking off further terday? How long shall we look
inroads into their earnings; its upon every warning and counsel
chimes may be a knell to their from the past as ancient and out-
savings; its hands may be point- moded?
ing derisively to the farce of their Well might our national clock
so-called social security — no be turned back somewhat — back
matter. It is The Clock, and it to solvency, to money that keeps

must not be turned back. its value, to productivity, to pride
of craft, to independence of spirit,
How Late the Hour to public and private integrity. To

How long, O Lord, how long will the extent that our clock has
we be muzzled, roped, and hog- moved us away from those things
tied by clichés that have no mean- it is a false clock, running at ran-
ing? How long will we regard the dom, keeping no true time, and
political, social, and economic an- deceiving us tragically as to the
tics of self-anointed supermen hour that is striking. ooo

| IDEAS © R0BE0TY | Progress through Individuals

ALL THE PROGRESS we have made since the appearance of intelli-
gent mankind in this world has been associated with the accom-
plishment of the individual. Furthermore, there is no reason to
think that anything now taking place will change this.

The late Henry Grady Weaver expained this very lucidly in
his little book, The Mainspring of Human Progress. His point is,
simply, that human energy is controlled and exercised by the
individual mind and the individual human being. Every single
element of progress and invention that mankind has enjoyed has
arrived in this world through the mind of some one person. The
total of the progress that we have enjoyed is the integration of
the contributions of the individuals. And in spite of the powerful
organizations and teams which we possess today in industry,
government, the military, research, and development, progress
continues to arrive in individual quanta, through individuals.
There is no other path for it.

J, 0. PLEASANTS, The Teacher-Learning Function


===== PAGE 13 =====

Liberal or

Conservative?

Some common-sense reflections on a knotty problem.

SAMUEL B. PETTENGILL

AN IMMENSE AMOUNT of nonsense in the barn where they will not
has been poured out over the word mildew nor rot.
“liberal.” Like a flock of timid Every youth seeking his first
sheep we have been stampeded by job is a liberal. When he gets his
it. Nearly every candidate for pub- first pay, he is a conservative if he
lic office has shouted his liberal- is worth his salt. Andrew Carne-
ism and beaten his breast that he gie thought it was the supreme
was more “liberal” than his op- moment of his boyhood when he
ponent. Thoughtless radicals have ran home to his mother with shin-
smeared into silence everyone who ing eyes, holding the few dimes he
asked why and when and what it had received for a week of twelve-
was to be “liberal.” “Tory” and hour days.
“reactionary” have filled the air. When Old Dog Tray goes sniff-
Because we have been cowards, we ing through the brush for rabbits,
have let the conservative side go he is a liberal; when he buries a
by default. bone, he is a conservative.
“There is a time to sow and a “Go to the ant, O thou sluggard,
time to reap.” Every farmer is a consider his ways and be wise.”
liberal in the spring when he plows The ant is a conservative. The
a fresh field, tries a new seed, ex- grasshopper who lays up nothing
periments with a new fertilizer. In for cold wet days is a “liberal.” He
the fall he is a conservative. He 1s like those who expect the gov-
conserves the fruit of his toil. He ernment to take care of them.
harvests his crops and stores them The beehive is the symbol of
Mr. Pottengill, noted attorney and author, was conservatism. Provision for winter
formerly a congressman from Indiana. days. A shelter against the storm.

11


===== PAGE 14 =====

12 THE FREEMAN December

The home is the heart of con- servative; the genuine conserva-
servatism. A savings account, a tive, a liberal. Without the giant
life insurance policy, a share of trunk the tree would fall; without
stock, a roof over one’s head; the leaves it would die. Each is
what are these but things to be necessary to the other. Why should
conserved ? the leaves curse the trunk that

We have fought our wars as holds them to the sun; why should
conservatives. We wanted to con- the trunk condemn the leaves
serve our freedom, the American which keep the sap flowing up
way of life, the integrity of our from the wellsprings of life?

frontiers, the soil we call home. In time the lower branches die.
Every soldier and sailor is a con- The husbandman (or statesman)
servative. prunes them off. He is a liberal in

Workingmen struggling to im- cutting them; a conservative in
prove their conditions are liberals. taking the fagots home to warm
When they fight to keep their his hearth.
gains, they are conservatives. St. Paul did not say, “Hold fast
What is the use of being a liberal to everything.” But he did say,
unless you are equally brave to ‘Hold fast to that which is good.”
conserve whatever good liberalism Why not?
has won? The attic is a conservative insti-
tution. In it we store grandma's
old spinning wheel, grandpa’s mus-

The Declaration of Independence ket, or the “little toy soldiers”
was a liberal document; the Con- with which our soldier son once
stitution of the United States a played.
conservative one. It was to “in- Something important to our life
sure” domestic tranquillity, and happened when men and women
“secure” the blessings of liberty began to live in houses without
to ourselves and our posterity. attics, in apartments and trailers

The roots and trunk of a tree are where they could store nothing
conservative. They stand against that tied them to the past.
the tempest. The branches, twigs, Lloyd George once said, “Men
and leaves are liberals. One repre- will not fight for a boarding
sents stability and power, the house.” He was right. We should
other freedom and movement; one, be “liberal” in making sure that
strength, the other, growth. It is all men and women will be able to
a divine harmony. It proves that earn and own that conservative
the true liberal must also be con- thing called home.

Nation Founded on Both


===== PAGE 15 =====

1958 LIBERAL OR CONSERVATIVE? 13

New Year's Day is liberal. Reso- the Master and his mercy toward
lutions are made, dreams are all mankind.
dreamed, and hopes flourish. Why be tyrannized by a word?
Christmas Day is conservative. It Let us be as liberal as seeds in
conserves the love of parents; the the springtime; as conservative
bond between husband and wife; as the laws which hold the great
the laughter of children; charity stars in the sky or the stars in
for the poor; and remembrance of Old Glory. eo eo 0

An American Creed ...

1 DO NOT CHOOSE to be a common man. It is my right
to be uncommon if I can. I seek opportunity — not
security. I do not wish to be a kept citizen, humbled,
dulled, by having the State look after me. I want to
take the calculated risk; to dream and to build; to
fail or succeed. I refuse to barter incentive for a
dole. I prefer the challenges of life to the guar-
anteed existence; the thrill of fulfillment to the state
calm of utopia.

I will not trade freedom for beneficence, nor my
dignity for a handout. I will never cower before any
master nor bend to any threat. It is my heritage to
stand erect, proud, and unafraid; to think and act
for myself; enjoy the benefits of my creation, and
to face the world boldly and say:... This I have

done!
ANONYMOUS


===== PAGE 16 =====

14

THE FREEMAN

December

Bettmann Archive

ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE (1805-1859)
After a painting by Chasseriau

*


===== PAGE 17 =====

de Tocqueville

Well over a century ago he foresaw the potentialities, includ-
ing some dangerous implications, of democracy in America.

WILLIAM HENRY CHAMBERLIN

ONE OF THE SUREST TESTS of a almost uncanny prescience of
great book is durability. A com- many social and political develop-
mentary on the life and institu- ments that became clear only in
tions and national character of the twentieth century, long after
America in the time of Andrew he was dead, he deserves to be re-
Jackson that still remains fresh garded as something more than a
and vivid and lifelike marks the gifted observer. He deserves the
author as an observer and writer title of prophet, and his book is
of rare talent. It is never an easy one of the absolutely indispensable
task to sift the wheat from the classics in the field of political
chaff, the important from the science.
trivial, the permanent from the The man in question is Alexis
transient in a manner calculated de Tocqueville; the book is Democ-
to satisfy the judgment of pos- racy in America, de Tocqueville's
terity. record of the impressions which
But when a foreign observer in he gained from a tour of America
the United States a century and in the early eighteen thirties. His
a quarter ago not only presents a primary concern in America was
singularly discerning analysis of to study the working of what was
the early American Republic, with then considered to be a new and
its virtues and faults, its strength revolutionary conception of gov-
and weakness, but also writes with ernment “of the people, by the
people, for the people,” without a
Mr. Chambertin is the zuthor of AUTErONS monarchy, an hereditary aristoc-
books, a lecturer, and a contributor to the racy, an established church. De

Wall Street Journal and many nationally . "
known magazines. Tocqueville approached this study

15


===== PAGE 18 =====

16 THE FREEMAN December

with admirable open-mindedness
and freedom from doctrinaire
prejudice. As a young man he
forecast his own career in these
words:

“I do not know any way of life
more honorable or more attractive
than to write with such honesty
about the great truths that one’s
name becomes known to the civi-
lized world.”

He lived up so well to this ideal
in his writing that his Democracy
in America, along with his other
works, The Old Regime and the
French Revolution and his obser-
vations in England and Ireland,
remain as an impressive monu-
ment to his memory. He was en-
tirely without the superciliousness
of some European visitors who
could see nothing in America but
rough frontier manners, such as
the common habit of spitting to-
bacco juice in all directions.

Self-Government Commended

De Tocqueville was discerning
and generous in recognizing the
positive benefits that flowed from
the scheme of government devised
by the Founding Fathers: the re-
spect for law because of the prev-
alence of self-government, the ab-
sence of arrogant display by
officialdom, the immensely produc-
tive energy that comes from indi-
vidual self-reliance, the absence of
the burdens of militarism. This

mirror of the past America may
be in some respects an unconscious
criticism of the America of 1958,
with its vast bureaucracy, heavy
taxation, increasing arrogation of
power by the federal authority,
and growing remoteness of the
governing process from the people.

“The European,” writes this
French observer, ‘“‘generally sub-
mits to a public officer because he
represents a superior force, but
to an American he represents a
right. In America it may be said
that no one renders obedience to
man, but to justice and law.”

Reliance on one’s individual ex-
ertion, a reproach in the eyes of
many who look on themselves as
advanced social thinkers in our
time, is the object of de Tocque-
ville’s repeated praise:

“The citizen of the United
States is taught from his earliest
infancy to rely upon his own exer-
tions in order to resist the evils
and the difficulties of life; he looks
upon social authority with an eye
of mistrust and anxiety, and he
only claims its assistance when he
is quite unable to shift without
it. . . . When a private individual
meditates an undertaking, how-
ever directly connected it may be
with the welfare of society, he
never thinks of soliciting the co-
operation of the government, but
he publishes his plan, offers to
execute it himself, courts the as-

*


===== PAGE 19 =====

1958 THE PROPHET, DE TOCQUEVILLE 17

sistance of other individuals, and never heard, because in America
struggles manfully against all ob- there are no paupers; and as
stacles. Undoubtedly he is often everyone has property of his own
less successful than the State to defend, everyone recognizes the
might have been in his position; principle upon which he holds it.”
but in the end the sum of these De Tocqueville was quick to
private undertakings far exceeds recognize the advantages which
all that the government could have accrued to America from its
done.” (italics supplied) isolated geographical position and

De Tocqueville notes that from its adherence to Washing-
America had come much closer ton’s wise injunction to shun par-
than Europe in giving its people ticipation in the quarrels of
a sense of conservatism in the Europe. In one of his most pre-
most effective way: by creating scient passages he writes:
conditions where they had some- “The Americans have no neigh-
thing to conserve. So he tells of bors, and consequently they have
meeting a fellow Frenchman, who no great wars, or financial crises,
had been “a great leveler and an or inroads, or conquest to dread;
ardent demagogue forty years they require neither great taxes,
ago,” who had then emigrated to nor great armies, nor great gen-
the United States and prospered erals; and they have nothing to
as a planter. De Tocqueville, in fear from a scourge which is more
view of his host’s background was formidable to republics than all
somewhat surprised to hear him these evils combined, namely mili-
“discuss the rights of property as tary glory. .. . The Union is as
an economist or landowner might happy and free as a small people,
have done; he spoke of the neces- and as glorious and strong as a
sary gradations which fortune es- great nation.”
tablishes among men.”

This countryman of de Tocque-
ville is certainly not the only Euro- Democracy in America is not an
pean radical whose views were unqualified eulogy. He notes three
changed by the influence of indi- serious defects: conformity, medi- .
vidual opportunity in the United ocrity, materialism.

States. De Tocqueville draws this “It seems, at first sight, as if
interesting general conclusion: all the minds of the Americans

“In America those complaints were formed upon one model, so
"against property in general which accurately do they correspond in
are so frequent in Europe are their manner of judging.

Three Serious Defects


===== PAGE 20 =====

18 : THE FREEMAN December

“In few civilized nations of our of that complete felicity which is
time have great artists, fine poets, always on the wing.”
or celebrated writers been more De Tocqueville finds a democ-
rare than in the United States ... racy likely to be incompetent in
If the observer only singles out the conduct of foreign affairs; per-
the learned, he will be astonished haps many present-day Americans
to find how rare they are; but if would agree with him. His obser-
he counts the ignorant, the Ameri- vation on this point is as follows:
can people will appear to be the ‘““Foreign politics demand
most enlightened community in scarcely any of those qualities
the world. The whole population which a democracy possesses; and
is situated between these two ex- they require, on the contrary, the

tremes. . . . The spirit of gain is perfect use of almost all those
always on the stretch, and the faculties in which it is deficient.
human mind, constantly diverted ... A democracy is unable to

from the pleasures of imagination regulate the details of an impor-
and the labors of the intellect, is tant undertaking, to persevere in
there swayed by no impulse but a design, and to work out its ex-
the pursuit of wealth.” ecution in the presence of serious

And one of the unmistakable obstacles. It cannot combine its
purple passages of the book gives measures with secrecy, and it will
this picture of the American who not await their consequences with
is never content with what he has, patience.”
who is constantly on the move for
new opportunities: The Past Mirrors the Present

“In the United States a man In almost all his observations on
builds a house to spend his later the American past de Tocqueville
years in it, and he sells it before shows himself a shrewd, percep-
the roof is on. He plants a garden, tive observer and his impressions
and lets it just as the trees begin furnish a mirror in which Ameri-
to bear. He brings a field into cans today may view their country
tillage and leaves other men to and themselves. One fears that in
gather the crops. He embraces a the matter of individual self-re-
profession and gives it up. He liance and distrust of government
settles in a place, which he soon aid there has been a considerable
leaves, to carry his changeable falling off. And the former safety
longings elsewhere . . . Death at of geographical isolation has been
last overtakes him, but it is before seriously undermined by unwise
he is weary of his bootless chase policies and also by the impersonal


===== PAGE 21 =====

1958 THE PROPHET, DE TOCQUEVILLE 19

march of science, which has auto- United States is ever involved in
matically reduced very much the serious difficulties, its taxation
security which America enjoyed will speedily be increased to the
when it could only be approached rate of that which prevails in the
by a boat, when airplanes and bal- great part of the aristocracies and
listic missiles were scarcely monarchies of Europe.”
dreamed of.

But the French political scien- U-S. and U.S.5.R.
tist displays remarkable capacity The most remarkable demon-
not only to observe the present, stration of the author’s prophetic
but to divine the future. He gift is in regard to the twentieth
visited an America that had no century predominance, in world
national debt, to speak of, no mili- affairs, of the United States and
tary establishment of any conse- Russia. At the time when Democ-
quence, no welfare-state institu- racy in America was written, Rus-
tions, and no income tax. But he sia was only one of several Euro-
foresaw the danger that under pean great powers and the United
democracy there might be a trend States counted for very little in
for the relatively poor majority to European power calculations. Yet
employ universal suffrage as a de Tocqueville confidently offered
means of siphoning into their own this preview of a situation that
pockets more and more of the in- actually came to pass more than
come and property of the well-to- a century later:
do minority. He forecast this “There are at the present time
probability almost as clearly as if two great nations in the world
he had before him a 1958 income- which seem to tend toward the
tax blank: same end, although they started

“Wherever the poor direct pub- from different points. I allude to
lic affairs and dispose of the na- the Russians and the Americans.
tural resources, it appears certain ... All other nations seem to have
that, as they profit by the expendi- nearly reached their natural
ture of the State, they are apt to limits; but these are still in the
augment that expenditure. act of growth. All the others are

“I conclude, therefore, that the stopped, or continue to advance
democratic government of the with extreme difficulty; these are
Americans is not a cheap govern- proceeding with ease and celerity
ment, as is sometimes asserted; along a path to which the human
and I have no hesitation in pre- eye can assign no term. . ..
dicting that, if the people of the “The Anglo-American relies


===== PAGE 22 =====

20 THE FREEMAN December

upon personal interest to accom- bad and dangerous thing; human
plish his ends, and gives free scope beings are not competent to ex-
to the unguided exertions and ercise it with discretion, and God
common sense of the citizens. The alone can be omnipotent, because
Russian centers all the authority his wisdom and justice are always
of society in a single arm. The equal to his power. But no power
principal instrument of the former upon earth is so worthy of honor
is freedom; of the latter, servi- for itself, or of reverential obedi-
tude. Their starting points are ence to the rights which it repre-
different and their courses are not sents, that I would consent to
the same; yet each of them seems admit its uncontrolled and all-pre-
to be marked out by the will of dominant authority.

Heaven to sway the destinies of “In my opinion the main evil
half the globe.” of the present democratic institu-

tions of the United States does not
Democratic Weakness arise, as is often asserted in

Despite his own aristocratic ori- Europe, from their weakness, but
gin, de Tocqueville was clear- from their overpowering strength;
sighted enough to recognize that and I am not so much alarmed at
the Old Regime in France, and in the excessive liberty which reigns
Europe, was finished. He was also in that country as at the very in-
prescient enough to anticipate adequate securities which exist
that democracy, without checks against tyranny.”
and balances, could degenerate He then asks to whom an indi-
into an absolutism more appalling vidual, if wronged in the United
than the old-fashioned monarchy. States, can apply for redress, when
One finds in his work remarkable public opinion, the legislature, the
premonitions of communism and executive are all subject to the
of fascism, of ruthless tyranny ex- will of the majority, and even the
ercised in the name of a cowed, judges in some states are elected
drugged, propagandized majority. by the majority. What he is seek-
Some of his writing on this sub- ing is some means of forestalling
Ject has a very real and eloquent or at least mitigating the possible
message for our time; de Tocque- tyranny of the majority.
ville, who defies precise classifica-
tion as a conservative or a liberal, Totalitarianism Foreseen
can more accurately be described There is a vision of fascism and
as a libertarian individualist: communism, with their massacres

“Unlimited power is in itself a and proscriptions, in his only too


===== PAGE 23 =====

1958 THE PROPHET, DE TOCQUEVILLE 21

well justified prediction that, it seeks, on the contrary, to keep
should absolute power be re-estab- them in perpetual childhood. It
lished in Europe, “it would as- is well content that the people
sume a new form and appear un- should rejoice, provided they think
der features unknown to our fore- of nothing but rejoicing. For their
fathers.” Formerly, religion, sense happiness such a government will-
of honor, family pride, provincial ingly labors. But it chooses to be
prejudices, custom, and public the sole agent and only arbiter of
opinion limited the power of kings that happiness. It provides for
and placed a restraint on their au- their security, foresees and sup-
thority. Now these restraining in- plies their necessities, manages
fluences are weakened or destroyed their principal concerns, directs
and he fears a return to “those their industry, regulates the de-
hideous eras of Roman oppression scent of property, and subdivides
when the manners of the people their inheritances — what remains,
were corrupted, their traditions but to spare them all the care of
obliterated, their habits de- thinking and all the trouble of

stroyed, their opinions shaken, living ...?
and freedom, expelled from the “The will of men is not shat-
laws, could find no refuge in the tered, but softened, bent, and
land.” guided. Men are seldom forced by
In other words, the unlimited it to act, but they are constantly
tyranny of a Stalin or a Hitler. restrained from acting. Such a
power does not destroy, but it
The Bureaucratic Burden prevents existence. It does not

Perhaps the finest performance tyrannize, but it compresses, en-
of de Tocqueville as prophet is this ervates, extinguishes, and stupe-
superb vision of the ultimate logi- fies a people, until each nation is
cal result of the Welfare State: reduced to be nothing better than

“Above this race of men stands a flock of timid and industrious
an immense and tutelary power, animals, of which the government
which takes upon itself alone to isthe shepherd.” (italics supplied)
secure their gratifications and to Here is Alexis de Tocqueville at
watch over their fate. That power his best, the searching and bril-
is absolute, minute, regular, provi- liant observer of his own century
dent, and mild. It would be like and the inspired prophet of many
the authority of a parent if, like of the problems, perils, and pit-
that authority, its object was to falls of the still unborn twentieth
prepare men for manhood. But century. LAL J


===== PAGE 24 =====

ANN TERRILL

__SGHOOL BU§

Educational

Trends

“IF PRESENT TRENDS continue, Although the U.S. Office of
nearly 7,000,000 students will be Education, the National Educa-
enrolled in nonpublic elementary tion Association, and other sup-
and secondary schools in the porters of public education lay
United States by 1965.” these startling figures to ‘‘social
This statement issued recently and economic causes,” they fail to
by the United States Office of enlarge upon this. Could one of
Education poses an interesting these causes be a deeply signifi-
question: Are we headed back to cant one, the statistics being, like
a system of privately owned and the first robin, a mere harbinger
financed education in this coun- of more to come? Are the Ameri-
try? can people, in other words, fight-
The system of tax-supported ing in the only effective way left
schools is popularly accepted as to them for the preservation of
“the American way” of providing traditional American educational
schooling for many children who standards?
otherwise ‘“‘couldn’t afford to have In states where church prop-
an education of any kind.” The erty is tax exempt, parochial
declining rate of illiteracy is schools have blossomed at an awe-
credited to this system. The Little inspiring rate, giving rise to the
Red Schoolhouse is hailed as the easy opinion that the tax exempt
bastion and bulwark of American gituation is responsible for the
ideals. schools. This may be partly true.
But paradoxically, since 1940, However, the same pattern pre-
private school enrollment has in- vails in states which do not offer
creased 86 per cent, or four times this impetus to sectarian educa-
as fast as the 22 per cent added tion.

enrollment in tax-supported Although many of these schools
schools. operate on slim margins, with
“Ann Terrill is a California housewife. limited facilities, the demand for

22


===== PAGE 25 =====

1958 EDUCATIONAL TRENDS 23

their services is intense. And the As Professor Patrick M. Boar-
attendance at sectarian schools man states in the August issue of
often includes a high proportion THE FREEMAN: “It is time we
of children from families who are learned afresh the truth that if
not members of that church. Sig- liberty, justice, and human dignity
nificantly, in some areas well-en- are to survive in the world or even
dowed with public school plants in this country, they cannot be ig-
operating on full day sessions, the nored — either outside the class-
demand for private and parochial room or in it.”

school instruction is so strong that

a waiting period of from six Gardens of the Mind

months to a year is common. Children’s minds are receptive

In these halcyon days of ‘social fields in which weeds are sure to
adjustment” it behooves the ex- grow if worth-while ideas haven't
ponents of government-financed been planted first. And the weeds
education and the people who pay of socialism now choking this once
for it, as well as their political free land must be associated in
leaders, to ask why the apparent large measure with the tax-sup-
rush away from the “inviting” ported schooling that has pre-
classroom. It certainly isn’t wailed, with its emphasis on con-
cheaper that way. formity, and neglect of the dis-

An article in a church publica- ciplines and values basic to the
tion last year had this to say on development of the independent
the subject: mind.

“Actually, the most serious For years Russia tried our
threat to public schools today is ‘‘permissive” approach to child-
not the private or parochial school, raising, with disastrous results.
but its own double failure in edu- The nation was shaken by the
cation and religion. Parents are spectacle of wholesale looseness of
disturbed about why Johnny can’t morals as the family unit disin-
read or write or do almost any- tegrated and children “freely ex-
thing that used to be regarded as pressed’ themselves. Juvenile
schooling.” tragedy ran rampant as it always

That appears to be the crux of does in such situations. But the
the matter. But the instilling of communists learned a valuable les-
worthy goals and values deserves son. They re-instated the laudable
more mention. Many parents are practice of self-discipline in their
prepared to make financial sacri- own country, with world-astound-
fices, if necessary, to obtain them. ing results. However, to soften up


===== PAGE 26 =====

24 THE FREEMAN December

a victim country, they always un- the coming leaders. At a time
leash moral turpitude in alluring when education and understand-
and wholesale lots, well in advance ing are so essential, as satellites
of their conquering troops. For and insults rocket around the
they remember well the havoc world, our public schools com-
wrought at home, and recognize mendably are turning back to the
immorality for the double-edged study of mathematics and science.
sword that it is. But the previously mentioned en-

The moral and spiritual vacuum rollment figures suggest the grow-
that such license creates is a won- ing concern of parents for not
derful wastebasket for depravity only the sciences but also other
and spinelessness and is fertile American essentials as well. If
goil indeed for the enslavement of their children are to face the
peoples. This is nothing new, how- rugged tomorrows with any de-
ever. If one recalls the Adven- gree of self-confidence, they must
tures of Pinocchio, the puppet got learn how and why to resist the
there first. Collodi has Pinocchio paternalistic lures of a benevolent
run away to the land of pleasure government. That famed Ameri-
where he may do as he pleases can virtue of self-reliance has be-
with no strings or responsibility come lost in the shuffle of con-
attached. After indulging himself formity, togetherness, “group mo-
thoroughly, he is turned into a tivational activities,” and the like.
donkey and sold down the river. Thoughtful parents may be won-
Collodi must have been an astute dering if the idea, prevalent in

observer of human nature. educationist circles, that competi-
tion undermines self-confidence,
Morality Can Be Taught can longer be afforded. For, today

There is no sound reason to as- we need all the self-reliant indi-
sume that the same permissive- vidualists that we can get. And
ness given free rein in this coun- whatever else he may be, an in-
try, both in and out of school, is dividualist nearly always has the
not having the same bad effects. self-confidence to stand alone, if
Good morals are not a matter of necessary, in thought and deed.
ingrained nationality. They are a With the crushing burden of
way of life and are teachable. In taxes which most property owners
too many instances they are not pay, it is often with a distinct
being taught. sense of sacrifice that many of

The way to control a nation is them finance a private education
through its children, for they are for their children, in addition to


===== PAGE 27 =====

1958 EDUCATIONAL TRENDS 25

paying for the government schools schools enjoyed a long waiting list
they won’t use. Obviously, the pri- of hopeful enrollees. The reason?

vate schools are gaining, even “Small classes, individual atten-
against such grossly unfair com- tion. High scholastic standards.
petition. Credential teachers. Emphasis on

good study habits, discipline, and
character building,” runs its ad-
On several fronts the situation vertisement.
is far from static. This past year Obviously these people recog-
has seen the possible beginning nize quality and are willing to pay
of a trend. In California alone, for it. And in the minds of such
there was the matter of the “safe” thoughtful persons, there must be
school bond issues which unac- growing doubts as to the pro-
countably failed to meet with the priety of paying for a govern-
voters’ approval while at the same mental “service” for which they
time, for instance, one of Cali- have such little regard as to re-
fornia’s more expensive private ject it though it's “free.” eo eo

HE FPebel FARMER

In Britain, as in the United States, thoughtful farmers show
signs of having had their fill of subsidies and controls.

Hopeful Signs

GEORGE WINDER

MR. JACK MERRICKS, a substan- agement of his own property, is
tial farm operator from Sussex, is slowly being destroyed by state
undoubtedly the outstanding per- control.
sonality among Britons who be- One of Jack Merricks’ immedi-
lieve that the farmer's livelihood ate aims is to destroy the power
and freedom, as well as his man- of Marketing Board private
“Courts” to inflict fines upon pro-
Mr. Winder is a’ British farmer, author, and ducers. He believes that such “Ex-
lecturer. His article first appeared in the Sep- ecutive Courts” are incompatible

tember-October 1958 issue of the journal, . oye ope
Freedom, London. with British legal traditions, a be-


===== PAGE 28 =====

26 THE FREEMAN December

lief he shares with most writers
on the British Constitution, in-
cluding the great Dicey himself,
and with the Frenchman, de
Tocqueville, who once congratu-
lated us on our freedom from such
irregular institutions.

The methods Jack Merricks
uses to bring a knowledge of these
evils to the public notice are more
subtle than some people suppose.
This becomes clearer when we
read of his latest exploit at a sit-
ting of the disciplinary Commit-
tee of the Tomato Marketing
Board. His object in appearing
before this body was to draw pub-
lic attention to the fact that — to-
day, in England—a man can
be heavily fined, up to £200 in
fact, by a “Court” which is both
prosecutor and judge in its own
case, and the recipient of the fines
it inflicts, and which, further-
more, ignores all those rules of
procedure and evidence which,
over the generations, have been
evolved to ensure an accused per-
son a fair trial.

Although it may be difficult to
expose all these anomalies of a
tribunal in one sitting, Jack
Merricks on this occasion cer-
tainly went a long way toward do-
ing so.

Charged with failing to send in
returns for the tomatoes he had
grown, he opened his defense by
blandly asking the chairman of

the tribunal, Mr. A. L. Cripps,
Queen’s Counsel, how much the
Board was paying him. He went
on to explain that he only wanted
this information because the law
required the chairman to be an
independent person, and as the
Board — which was one party to
the case — was paying him a fee,
it was, of course, necessary for
him, Jack Merricks, as the other
party, to pay him an equal amount.
He then produced his checkbook
and, with an air of complete inno-
cence, awaited the court's reply.

This tall, heavily-built farmer
has a slow, friendly, country drawl
when he gpeaks in public, and a
manner that is completely disarm-
ing. It certainly seems to have dis-
armed the chairman who, until
then, probably did not know the
formidable powers of the man he
was up against.

The Judge Was Embarrassed

One can only imagine Mr.
Cripps’ feelings. Here was a bar-
rister, brought up in the best
traditions of British law — tradi-
tions which all sound lawyers re-
spect — and here was this quiet-
mannered countryman, with his
slow, impressive speech, remind-
ing him of their obvious implica-
tions.

A lesser man than Mr. Cripps
might have banged his chairman’s
gavel and called for silence, but


===== PAGE 29 =====

1958 THE REBEL FARMER 27

although this might have sup- ards of British justice. Coming
pressed this unusual countryman from the very chairman of such a
it could not silence the still small tribunal, no pronouncement could
voice of a thousand years of legal have been more effective.
tradition which now spoke in the He had created a precedent that
chairman’s well-trained legal mind makes it extremely difficult in the
unheard by his watching audi- future for any barrister with.a
ence. high regard for his profession to
He knew that there could be no sit on a Marketing Board tribunal
more invidious position for a bar- and accept a fee. How, in fact,
rister, brought up under the tradi- after this, can any Marketing
tions of British law, than to sit in Board which seeks to punish a
judgment between two parties producer in the future, claim that
when he is paid by one of them, it is able to give him a fair trial?
and when a decision adverse to This being so, the government
the Board might even deprive —sooner or later — will be com-
him of further tribunal appoint- pelled, if it has any regard for
ments. Furthermore, although he British justice, to so amend the
was not the only judge in this Agricultural Marketing Act that
strange “Court,” those who sat any producer charged with an of-
alongside him were members of fense shall be brought before one
the Board itself, hardly likely to of our established courts of law.
deal impartially with a rebel. - When that time comes, Market-
He did the only thing that a ing Board Tribunals will be re-
barrister and a gentleman could membered only as one of the evil
do in the circumstances. He an- fruits of that temporary aberra-
nounced that he would accept pay- tion of politicians caused by their
ment from neither party. slow release from the war-time
When he had done this, how- psychosis. They will be relegated
ever, he had done all that Jack to history alongside the Star
Merricks wanted. He had an- Chamber and the Court of High
nounced to the whole world —and Commission.
nearly every newspaper in Eng-
land reported it — that his posi- Truly, as Emerson once wrote:
tion was an untenable one, and so, ‘All history is a record of the
by implication, all such tribunals power of minorities, even of mi-
were contrary to the high stand- norities of one.” oo 0


===== PAGE 30 =====

“INSTEAD OF PAYING the teacher,

|
she ought to pay us for the work
e she makes us do,” reasoned the

third-grader in protest at the re-

© sumption of school after summer
JU N I0R vacation. “We do all the work, but
the teacher is the one who gets

. paid. What's fair about that?”
PAUL L. POIROT ’ “Well, son,” you begin, “you
} have to produce something some-
one else wants before he'll pay you
for your time.”

“That's not true,” comes the re-
buttal. “Johnny Smith’s Dad gets
paid for being unemployed. He
hasn’t been to the plant all sum-
mer, but somebody pays him for
his time.”

“That’s different,” you venture.
“His unemployment compensation
comes from taxes the government
has collected, and. . . .”

“And what about Grandpa?” He
gets paid every month for being
retired. He isn’t producing any-
thing anyone wants. And he
doesn’t have to work the way we
do at school.”

Before you can think how to
rationalize the Social Security pro-
gram, the 8-year old proceeds:
“And Uncle Tom told me on the
farm last summer that he gets
paid more for the wheat he doesn’t
grow than for what he actually
sows and combines and trucks to
the elevator. Why can’t they take
some money out of that soil bank
and pay us for going to school?”

Sar

Weas—

28


===== PAGE 31 =====

1958 LEAVE IT TO JUNIOR 29

Without trying to explain the fact that the youngsters under 15
whys and wherefores of farm price outnumber the current combined
supports and “parity,” you sug- total of unemployed and Social
gest to the lad that he goes to Security claimants by three to
school to develop his skills and one? The spending possibilities
productive abilities so that he can are phenomenal!
be more useful to himself and to Let’s face it, fellow parents of
society. America. We're responsible,

“Sure, I know,” he says, “like through active participation or
our government does for poor passive neglect, for some fairly
countries. But the government foolish ideas in this land of ours.
gives them money and things to Having steeped our grownup lives
help them develop. Why don’t we in these flagrant socialistic prac-
get paid so we can develop faster tices of robbing productive Peter

in school?” to pamper parasitic Paul, how are
we to cope with Junior's applica-
Embarrassing Questions tion for a logical expansion of the

Isn’t it amazing — and a bit em- system?

barrassing — the way these young-

sters put 2 and 2 together? After ~ What Is Our Objective?

all, by what logic shall we deny What do we have in mind for
the compensation claims of the our youngsters, anyway? What's
school child lobby when all other the sense of teaching them the
pressure groups are getting their Golden Rule, that 2 and 2 are 4,
shares of something for nothing? that c-a-t spells cat, if the society
If we really believe we can print they'll face is to recognize none
money fast enough to spend our- but the majoritarian precept that
selves rich, then why shouldn’t might makes right? Why teach a
nonproductive school children as child to earn a bike through serv-
well as unemployed, disabled, and ice if he must live with adults who
retired adults be given free tickets get “their shares” by the ballot-
to the spending spree? If a baby box appropriation of the property
boom is really a key to prosperity of others? Why teach a youth
through consumption, as is so thrift if he’s later to be taxed and
widely proclaimed, then why not punished for his savings? If the
provide these youngsters with swift and the strong are to be
checkbooks on Uncle Sam just as handicapped in adulthood, why
soon as they've learned to sign teach children the rules of sports-
their names? Why not exploit the manship and clean competition?


===== PAGE 32 =====

30 THE FREEMAN December

What kind of childhood prepara- variety, individuality, wonder, and
tion would be in keeping with the beauty of all things, large and
pressure-group politics of later small. In searching the encyclo-
life? When and how do we start pedia and library for appropriate
teaching our youngsters to take answers to his serious questions,
advantage of the politically weak you hope to introduce him to the
or of the wealthy minority so recorded wisdom of the ages.

they'll be ready with clear con- Yes, these are some of the basic
science for old-age retirement at and eternal truths that any loving
society’s expense? parent will teach his own child as

diligently and effectively as he can.
The Eternal Truths But can and will we be able to con-

You find these thoughts revolt- tinue teaching such basic truths
ing, of course, because you are if more and more of the responsi-
teaching and will continue to teach bility for education is delegated
your child the homely but eternal to the State, which is bound to
virtues of honesty, thrift, love, teach that government control is
cleanliness, Godliness, kindness, desirable? Let us not forget that
hard work, fair play, self-reliance, we teach by what we practice as
and respect for all that is good and well as by what we preach. Chil-
noble and true in others. From his dren are perhaps more prone to do
toys, his pets, his books, his things, as we do than to do as we say. And
you hope he may learn something if we live by a double standard,
of the values and responsibilities they are likely to follow our ex-
of ownership, use, and control that ample.
are inherent in the private prop-
erty concept. Your role as media- Time for Self-Appraisal
tor in childish squabbles is to ex- Perhaps it’s time to re-examine
plain why friendly cooperation is some of these adult behaviors of
far superior to fisticuffs and simi- ours that we can’t explain to our
larly aggressive ways of getting children and wouldn't condone for
and defending what is wanted. a moment if the youngsters were
Thus he may learn to earn through to adopt them. Who would ever
his own creative efforts rather think of offering a youngster $1.00
than steal or seize what he would an hour for shoveling the walks if
have from others. it snowed and 50 cents an hour

You explore with him the mar- ‘unemployment compensation” if
vels of the natural universe, the it didn’t snow? A child can't be
heavens, the earth, the endless made to understand such a deal by


===== PAGE 33 =====

1958 LEAVE IT TO JUNIOR 31

any of the sophisticated “reason- wouldn’t approve if he similarly
ing” adults have offered as justi- behaved — then why do I persist in
fication for doing it themselves — these things?
can’t understand how no shoveling
can be worth half as much as
snow shoveling — how anyone can We expect the teachers in our
better himself by spending 50 schools to exemplify in their own
cents: for nothing instead of sav- lives the principles they teach.
ing it for something. Have we not at least an equal re-
It’s quite impossible to explain sponsibility as parents to bring
to a child that the way to build up our adult behavior into conformity
a “social security fund” for him- with the way in which we'd have
self is to stuff in his piggy bank a the child develop? Think how
signed receipt every time he takes much more time we’d have for our
and spends one of the coins. The children —our own family — if
deficit-financed path to prosperity we'd simply discontinue our well-
is thoroughly incomprehensible to intended but uninvited meddling
children. After one or two trials, in other people’s affairs. It would
they won’t even play marbles on amaze most of us to see how much
terms of “loser takes all.” better the neighbors get along
Nor can a hungry child under- without our benevolent butting in
stand that the way to get the most to their business. The general
satisfaction out of two cookies is problems of the unemployed, the
to toss one in the garbage can, or aged, the farmers, the underprivi-
some other “soil bank,” and eat leged would disappear as if by
the other. Have you ever tried to magic if we could only confine our-
explain to a youthful operator of selves to correcting our own in-
a lemonade stand the profitability stead of all the other fellow’s mis-
of dumping every second glassful takes. And such behavior then
down the drain instead of selling could be explained, even to a child.
it — and then trying to collect the
difference from those people who No, son, you're not entitled to
didn’t want lemonade anyway? payment from others for the time
I sometimes wonder how many devoted to your own enlightenment
of the things I do in a day, or fail and improvement. But you do
to do, wouldn’t make sense to my have my respect and gratitude for
son. And if I can't explain such calling attention to a much neg-
actions or failures to him — and lected phase of my own education.
[ 2 BN

Our Own Business First


===== PAGE 34 =====

I, PENCIL

My Family Tree as told to
LEONARD E. READ

I AM A LEAD PENCIL — the ordinary want of wonder, not for want of
wooden pencil familiar to all boys wonders.”’?
and girls and adults who can read I, Pencil, simple though I ap-
and write.l pear to be, merit your wonder and
Writing is both my vocation awe, a claim I shall attempt to
and my avocation; that’s all I do. prove. In fact, if you can under-
You may wonder why I should stand me — no, that’s too much to
write a genealogy. Well, to begin ask of anyone —if you can be-
with, my story is interesting. come aware of the miraculousness
And, next, I am a mystery— which I symbolize, you can help
more so than a tree or a sunset or save the freedom mankind is so
even a flash of lightning. But, unhappily losing. I have a pro-
sadly, I am taken for granted by found lesson to teach. And I can
those who use me, as if I were a teach this lesson better than can
mere incident and without back- an automobile or an airplane or a
ground. This supercilious attitude mechanical dishwasher because —
relegates me to the level of the well, because I am seemingly so
commonplace. This is a species of simple.
the grievous error in which man- Simple? Yet, not a single person
kind cannot too long persist with- on the face of this earth knows
out peril. For, as a wise man ob- how to make me. This sounds
served, “We are perishing for fantastic, doesn’t it? Especially
when it is realized that there are
Pv E— a ” about one and one-half billion of
ny Ingredionts neo assembled. fabri. my kind produced in the U.S.A.

cated, and finished by Eberhard Faber each year.
Pencil Company, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsyl-
vania, 1G, K. Chesterton

32


===== PAGE 35 =====

1958 I, PENCIL 33

Pick me up and look me over. in San Leandro, California. Can
What do you see? Not much meets you imagine the individuals who
the eye — there's some wood, lac- make flat cars and rails and rail-
quer, the printed labeling, graph- road engines and who construct
ite lead, a bit of metal, and an and install the communication sys-

eraser. tems incidental thereto? These
legions are among my antecedents.
Innumerable Antecedents Consider the millwork in San

Just as you cannot trace your Leandro. The cedar logs are cut
family tree back very far, so is it into small, pencil-length slats less
impossible for me to name and ex- than one-fourth of an inch in
plain all my antecedents. But I thickness. These are kiln dried
would like to suggest enough of and then tinted for the same
them to impress upon you the reason women put rouge on their
richness and complexity of my faces. People prefer that I look
background. pretty, not a pallid white. The

My family tree begins with slats are waxed and kiln dried
what in fact is a tree, a cedar of again. How many skills went into
straight grain that grows in the making of the tint and the
Northern California and Oregon. kilns, into supplying the heat, the
Now contemplate all the saws and light and power, the belts, motofs,
trucks and rope and the countless and all the other things a mill re-
other gear used in harvesting and quires? Sweepers in the” mill
carting the cedar logs to the rail- among my ancestors? Yes, and in-
road siding. Think of all the per- cluded are the men who poured
sons and the numberless skills that the concrete for the dam of a
went into their fabrication: the Pacific Gas & Electric Company
mining of ore, the making of steel hydroplant which supplies the
and its refinement into saws, axes, mill's power!
motors; the growing of hemp and Don’t overlook the ancestors
bringing it through all the stages present and distant who have a
to heavy and strong rope; the hand in transporting sixty car-
logging camps with their beds and loads of slats across the nation
mess halls, the cookery and the from California to Wilkes-Barre!
raising of all the foods. Why, un-
told thousands of persons had a Complicated Machinery
hand in every cup of coffee the Once in the pencil factory — $4,-
loggers drink! 000,000 in machinery and build-

The logs are shipped to a mill ing, all capital accumulated by


===== PAGE 36 =====

34 THE FREEMAN December

thrifty and saving parents of mine includes candelilla wax from
— each slat is given eight grooves Mexico, paraffin wax, and hydro-
by a complex machine, after which genated natural fats.
another machine lays leads in My cedar receives six coats of
every other slat, applies glue, and lacquer. Do you know all of the
places another slat atop —a lead ingredients of lacquer? Who would
sandwich, so to speak. Seven think that the growers of castor
brothers and I are mechanically beans and the refiners of castor
carved from this ‘“wood-clinched” oil are a part of it? They are.
sandwich. Why, even the processes by which
My “lead” itself — it contains no the lacquer is made a beautiful
lead at all — is complex. The graph- yellow involves the skills of more
ite is mined in Ceylon. Consider persons than one can enumerate!
these miners and those who make Observe the labeling. That's a
their many tools and the makers film formed by applying heat to
of the paper sacks in which the carbon black mixed with resins.
graphite is shipped and those who How do you make resins and what,
make the string that ties the sacks pray, is carbon black?
and those who put them aboard My bit of metal — the ferrule —
ships and those who make the is brass. Think of all the persons
ships. Even the lighthouse keepers who mine zinc and copper and
along the way assisted in my birth those who have the skills to make
— and the harbor pilots. shiny sheet brass from these prod-
The graphite is mixed with clay ucts of nature. Those black rings
from Mississippi in which am- on my ferrule are black nickel.
monium hydroxide is used in the What is black nickel and how is it
refining process. Then wetting applied? The complete story of
agents are added such as sul- why the center of my ferrule has
fonated tallow — animal fats chem- no black nickel on it would take
ically reacted with sulfuric acid. pages to explain.
After passing through numerous
machines, the mixture finally ap-
pears as endless extrusions — as
from a sausage grinder — cut to
size, dried, and baked for several
hours at 1,850 degrees Fahrenheit.
To increase their strength and §
smoothness the leads are then
treated with a hot mixture which



===== PAGE 37 =====

1958 I, PENCIL 35

Then there’s my crowning glory, only difference between the miner
inelegantly referred to in the of graphite in Ceylon and the
trade as “the plug,” the part man logger in Oregon is in the type of
uses to erase the errors he makes know-how. Neither the miner nor
with me. An ingredient called the logger can be dispensed with,
“factice” is what does the erasing. any more than can the chemist at
It is a rubber-like product made the factory or the worker in the
by reacting rape seed oil from the oil field — paraffin being a by-prod-
Dutch East Indies with sulfur uct of petroleum.
chloride. Rubber, contrary to the Here is an astounding fact:
common notion, is only for bind- Neither the worker in the oil field
ing purposes. Then, too, there are nor the chemist nor the digger of
numerous vulcanizing and acceler- graphite or clay nor any who mans
ating agents. The pumice comes or makes the ships or trains or
from Italy; and the pigment trucks nor the one who runs the
which gives “the plug” its color machine that does the knurling on
is cadmium sulfide. my bit of metal nor the president
of the company performs his
singular task because he wants

Does anyone wish to challenge me. Each one wants me less, per-
my earlier assertion that no single haps, than does .a child in the first
person on the face of this earth grade. Indeed, there are some
knows how to make me? among this vast multitude who

Actually, millions of human never saw a pencil nor would they
beings have had a hand in my know how to use one. Their moti-
creation, no one of whom even vation is other than me. Perhaps
knows more than a very few of it is something like this: Each of
the others. Now, you may say that these millions sees that he can
I go too far in relating the picker thus exchange his tiny know-how
of a coffee berry in far off Brazil for the goods and services he
and food growers elsewhere to my needs or wants. I may or may not
creation; that this is an extreme be among these items.
position. I shall stand by my claim.

There isn’t a single person in all No Master Mind

these millions, including the presi- There is a fact still more as-
dent of the pencil company, who tounding: The absence of a master
contributes more than a tiny, in- mind, of anyone dictating or foreci-
finitesimal bit of know-how. From bly directing these countless ac-
the standpoint of know-how the tions which bring me into being.

No One Knows


===== PAGE 38 =====

36 THE FREEMAN December

No trace of such a person can be rating naturally and spontaneously
found. Instead, we find the Invisi- in response to human necessity
ble Hand at work. This is the and desire and in the absence of
mystery to which I earlier re- any human master-minding! Since
ferred. only God can make a tree, I insist

It has been said that “only God that only God could make me. Man
can make a tree.” Why do we can no more direct these millions
agree with this? Isn't it because of know-hows to bring me into

we realize that being than he
we ourselves can put mole-
could not make THE INVISIBLE HAND cules together to
one? Indeed, can By directing that industry in such a create a tree.

we even describe manner os its produce may be of the The above is
a tree? We can- greatest value, he intends only his what I meant
not, except in su- own gain. , .. He is in this, as in many when writing,
perficial terms. other cases, led by an invisible hand “If you can be-
We can say, for to promote an end which was no part come aware of

of his intention... .By pursuing his
own interest he frequently promotes
that of the society more effectually
than when he really intends to pro-

the miraculous-
ness which I
symbolize, you
can help save

instance, that a
certain molecu-
lar configuration
manifests itself

mote it.
as a tree. But Adam Smith the freedom
what mind is The Wealth of Nations mankind is so
there among men unhappily los-
that could even ing.” For, if one

record, let alone direct, the con- is aware that these know-hows
stant changes in molecules that will naturally, yes, automatically,
transpire in the life span of a arrange themselves into creative
tree? Such a feat is utterly un- and productive patterns in re-
thinkable! sponse to human necessity and de-
I, Pencil, am a complex com- mand — that is, in the absence of
bination of miracles: a tree, zinc, governmental or any other coer-
copper, graphite, and so on. But cive master-minding —then one
to these miracles which manifest will possess an absolutely essential
themselves in Nature an even ingredient for freedom: a faith in
more extraordinary miracle has free men. Freedom is impossible
been added: the configuration of without this faith.
creative human energies — mil- Once government has had a
lions of tiny know-hows configu- monopoly of a creative activity


===== PAGE 39 =====

1958 I, PENCIL 37

such, for instance, as the delivery to tens of thousands of other
of the mails, most individuals will things. Delivery? Why, in this
believe that the mails could not be area where men have been left
efficiently delivered by men acting free to try, they deliver the human
freely. And here is the reason: voice around the world in less than
Each one acknowledges that he one second; they deliver an event
himself doesn’t know how to do visually and in motion to any
all the things incident to mail de- person’s home when it is happen-
livery. He also recognizes that no ing; they deliver 150 passengers
other individual could do it. These from Seattle to Baltimore in less
assumptions are correct. No in- than four hours; they deliver gas
vidual possesses enough know-how from Texas to one’s range or fur-
to perform a nation’s mail de- nace in New York at unbelievably
livery any more than any indi- low rates and without subsidy;
vidual possesses enough know-how they deliver each four pounds of
to make a pencil. Now, in the ab- oil from the Persian Gulf to our
sence of a faith in free men —in Eastern Seaboard — halfway
the unawareness that millions of around the world — for less money
tiny know-hows would naturally than the government charges for
and miraculously form and co- delivering a one-ounce letter
operate to satisfy this necessity — across the street!
the individual cannot help but
reach the erroneous conclusion
that mail can be delivered only by The lesson I have to teach is
governmental “master-minding.” this: Leave all creative energies
uninhibited. Merely organize so-
Testimony Galore ciety to act in harmony with this
If I, Pencil, were the only item lesson. Let society’s legal appara-
that could offer testimony on what tus remove all obstacles the best
men can accomplish when free to it can. Permit these creative know-
try, then those with little faith hows freely to flow. Have faith
would have a fair case. However, that free men will respond to the
there is testimony galore; it’s all Invisible Hand. This faith will be
about us and on every hand. Mail confirmed. I, Pencil, seemingly
delivery is exceedingly simple simple though I am, offer the
when compared, for instance, to miracle of my creation as testi-
the making of an automobile or a mony that this is a practical faith,
calculating machine or a grain as practical as the sun, the rain, a
combine or a milling machine or cedar tree, the good earth, eo eo e

Leave Men Free


===== PAGE 40 =====

i ) THOMAS J. SHELLY
3 ? “IX 3
"ON UNIONISM

A reform effort that failed for lack of influential underlying opinion.

THE LABOR UNION SITUATION in have such freedom. As in England
the United States today calls to and other European countries,
mind the problems that confronted they were still under the craft-
Jacques Turgot when King Louis guild system which began about
XVI appointed him Comptrolier- the twelfth century. I have heard
General of France in 1774. The ar- it said that these guilds were like
bitrary and burdensome reigns of our labor unions, and this is partly
Louis XIV and Louis XV had left true. Guild members were unlike
the people deeply discontented. union men, however, in that they:

You and I would doubtlessly were shop owners and employers
agree that personal freedom is the as well as workers. These guilds
basic social institution, for the were, in fact, monopolies of master
reason that the only kind of so- workers in each trade or craft,
ciety worth living in is a free such as shoemakers, bakers, car-
society. We would further agree penters, weavers, tailors. Each
that a society cannot be free in master worker managed a small
any real sense unless all of its shop, usually in his own home. He
members have the rights of pri- was helped, usually, by several
vate property and freedom of con- workers to whom he paid daily
tract. This means, of course, that wages. In addition, he kept two or
every member of the society has three boys who were apprenticed
a right to join or to cooperate with to him in order to learn the trade.
others who are willing, as well as After the apprentice had com-
the right to refuse to join any pleted his period of training, he
group. Sounds sensible, does it became a journeyman entitled to
not? daily pay. When he then joined

The workers in early eighteenth the guild as a master worker, he
century France, however, did not could open up a shop for himself.
Mr. Shelly is a member of the staff of tho These eraft guilds were mo-
Foundation for Economic Education. nopolies because they prevented

38


===== PAGE 41 =====

1958 TURGOT, ON UNIONISM 39

nonmembers from engaging in would enjoy from competition
those particular crafts or trades. operating towards improvements
They regulated hours of labor, of manufacture and reduction in
number of apprentices, and the price. Often one cannot get done
quality and price of the finished the simplest work without its
goods. In time, many of these having to go through the hands
guilds became so powerful that of several workmen of different
they were virtually closed corpo- corporations, without enduring
rations in which the privilege of the delays, the tricks, and the ex-
membership was passed on from actions which the pretensions of
father to son. These monopolistic the different corporations neces-
guilds were the cause of much dis- sitate or favour, and the caprices
content in prerevolutionary of their arbitrary and mercenary
France. Turgot, writing in 1776, government. Thus the effects of
described them as follows: these establishments are, in re-
“In almost all the towns the ex- gard to the State, a vast tyranny
ercise of the different arts and over trade and industrial work;
trades is concentrated in the hands in regard to a large body of the
of a small number of maitres, people, a loss of wages and the
united in’corporations, who alone means of subsistence; in regard
can, to the exclusion of all other to the inhabitants of towns in gen-
citizens, make or sell the articles eral, a slavery to exclusive privi-
belonging to their particular in- leges equivalent to a real monopoly
dustry. Any person who, by incli- — a monopoly of which those who
nation or necessity, intends fol- exercise it against the public are
lowing an art or trade, can only themselves the victims whenever,
do so by acquiring the maitrise in their turn, they have need of
(freedom of the corporation) the articles or the work of any
after a probation as long and as other corporation.
vexatious as it is superfluous. By “Among the infinite number of
having to satisfy repeated exac- unreasonable regulations, we find
tions, the money he had so much in some corporations that all are
need of in order to start his trade excluded from them except the
or open his workshop has been sons of maitres, or those who
consumed in mere waste. marry the widows of maitres.
“Citizens of all classes are de- Others reject all those whom they
prived of the right to choose the call ‘strangers,’ that is, those born
workmen they would employ, and in another town. In many of them
deprived of the advantages they for a young man to be married is


===== PAGE 42 =====

40 THE FREEMAN December

i 0)
j

i i i 1

A)
\ a A if

Bottmann Archive

TURGOT’'S DISMISSAL


===== PAGE 43 =====

1958 TURGOT, ON UNIONISM 41

enough to exclude him from the the most imprescriptible of all.”’?
apprenticeship, and consequently Accordingly, Turgot undertook
from the maitrise. The spirit of to abolish these closed corpora-
monopoly which has dictated the tions. Immediately, these self-
making of these statutes has been same arrogant monopolists who
carried out to the excluding of had denied your right to be a shoe-
women even from the trades the maker took after your friend
most suitable to their sex, such as Turgot and made life miserable
embroidery, which they were for- for him. You see, they wanted
bidden to exercise on their own freedom for themselves; but being

account.”! greedy, they did not want you
to have freedom. They failed to
Turgot Failed realize that they would not be able

Now, suppose you had lived in to remain free unless you became
France in 1775 and had wanted to free. Otherwise, they might have
work at the shoemaking trade. Ac- helped prevent the coming of the
cordingly, you applied to the Shoe- French Revolution.
makers Guild for permission to a,
work at that trade. That “closed Ne People Didn't Understand
corporation” turned you down, If I were looking, charitably,
however. The master workers who for a possible explanation as to
controlled this monopoly were de- why these master workers in the
termined to keep you from work- guilds were so unwise as to oppose
ing at the occupation of your Turgot’s reforms, I might say that
choice. Why? Because your father the world had changed during the
had not been a shoemaker. He had Preceding two centuries and that
been only a cobbler! “What arro- these men remained unaware of
gance!” you say. That is what the meaning of these changes.
Jacques Turgot thought about it, This is to say that they were still
too! thinking in terms of Colbertism.

“God, by giving to man wants, Colbert, you may recall, was
and making his recourse to work King Louis XIV’s Finance Minis-
necessary to supply them, has ter. He was the champion of mer-
made the right to work the prop- cantilism which influenced the eco-
erty of every man, and this prop- nomic and political behavior of

erty is the first, the most sacred, nations during the seventeenth
JE and eighteenth centuries. The
Stephens, W. W. The Life and Writings mercantilists believed that the way
of Turgot. New York: Longmans, Green, ———

and Co., 1895. pp. 129-130. Ibid. p. 130.


===== PAGE 44 =====

42 THE FREEMAN December

for a nation to become wealthy hand man. The Commercial Revo-
was to accumulate as much gold lution — which had its beginnings
and silver as possible by exporting when Vasco da Gama sailed
more goods than were imported. around the Cape of Good Hope to
Mercantilism was based upon the India in 1498, and when Colum-
theory that a nation could prosper bus six years earlier found a new
only at the expense of other na- route to “the Indies” by sailing
tions, a theory that led to restric- directly westward from Spain —
tions of all kinds. For example, the was making the world more pros-
Navigation Laws imposed by the perous. More and more people were
English government on the Ameri- trading, making more and more
can colonies produced in part the products available to one another,
discontent among the colonists in spite of mercantilist and guild
that led to the American Revolu- restrictions. Turgot knew this and
tion. understood how much more pros-
perous France could be if these
restrictions were removed. But, he
Just as the mercantilists was unable to convey his under-
thought mainly in terms of trade standing of the blessings of free-
restrictions, so those closed cor- dom to the labor and trade monop-
porations known as craft guilds lists in France in his time.
thought mainly in terms of labor
restrictions. Just as the mercan-
tilists were not interested in free Unfortunately for France — and
exchange, so the craft guilds were for the rest of the world, too —
not interested in a free market for Turgot’s reforms in taxation, in
services. Both, however, should the trade monopolies, and in the
have brought their thinking up-to- labor monopolies died in their in-
date, because, as Adam Smith and fancy.
Jacques Turgot were telling them The loud outcries of those who
in 1776, only freedom of exchange were being shorn of their special
could satisfy the world’s increased privileges by these reforms were
demand for goods, and only free- frightening to Louis XVI. He
dom to work at occupations of lacked the wisdom necessary to
their own choice could make men give France the potent medicine
happy and contented. she so badly needed; so he fired
The world had indeed changed Turgot in 1776, only two years
considerably since Louis XIV had after he had appointed him. The
appointed Colbert as his right- economic disease which Dr. Turgot

Restrictionists Prevail . . .

. . . And Get a Dictator


===== PAGE 45 =====

1958 TURGOT, ON UNIONISM 43

might have cured then developed workers had brought themselves
rapidly. Louis XVI and his ad- under a master!

visers, in desperation, turned to Are conditions in the United
other doctors, some of whom were States today such that we need
“medicine-men.” Their ministra- the help of a Turgot? Are our fed-
tions turned what should have been eral and state governments too
an orderly reformation into a dis- big? Does our tax system need
orderly revolution. The liberty overhauling? Do we have harmful
which the revolutionists said they restrictions on trade? Do we have
would bring to France was badly labor monopolies? And would you
abused by these nostrum peddlers, and I listen to a Turgot if he
and it disappeared completely should try to help us with these
when Napoleon Bonaparte took problems? Or will we persist in
over in 1799. Through their lack error as did Louis XVI and his
of vision, the monopolistic master advisers in 1776? oo 0

An Injustice by Any Name

IF THE POOR, for example, because they are more in number,
divide among themselves the property of the rich — is this not
unjust? No, by heaven (will be the reply), for the supreme
authority justly willed it. But if this is not injustice, pray what
is? Again, when in the first division all has been taken, and the
majority divide anew the property of the minority, is it not evi-
dent, if this goes on, that they will ruin the State? Yet surely,
virtue is not the ruin of those who possess her, nor is justice
destructive of a State; and therefore this law of confiscation
clearly cannot be just. If it were, all the acts of a tyrant must of
necessity be just; for he only coerces other men by superior

power, just as the multitude coerce the rich.
’ ARISTOTLE, Politics


===== PAGE 46 =====

do those who threaten and are
willing to injure others.
— that beliefs that retard pro-
duction injure everybody.
MY ARGUMENTS for voluntary — that men should not worry
unionism — meaning simply that about some men having too much
the right of persons to work shall wealth, because wealth has to be
not be denied or abridged on ac- distributed in order to benefit its
count of membership or nonmem- owner. If it is reinvested, it fur-
bership in any labor organization nishes more jobs, and competition
— rest on the following reasons or keeps prices down. The owners of
standards: tools have to bid against each
— that total consumption cannot other to get labor. This keeps
be greater than total production. wages up and competition keeps
— that you cannot take more out prices down.
of the refrigerator than you put — that in creating wealth under
in. a free enterprise system, the gain
— that the state or nation can- of one is the gain of all. It is not
not indefinitely consume more like gambling or wars or robbery
than is produced. For this reason, where one man gains, temporarily,
total production becomes an im- and others lose.

portant subject. Anything, there- If the above statements are

fore, that retards production true, then the question is, does

keeps total wages down. the closed union shop tend to re-
—that all wages must come, in duce production?

order to be continuous, from pro- Such things as strikes injure

duction. the owners of the businesses,

— that each man must produce their suppliers, and their cus-
his own wages if we are to have tomers, and, in fact, injure every-
a fair and natural society; that body. They even injure the man
this has always been the case who strikes in the long run, be-
since the Biblical expression that cause if he strikes other people
man live by the sweat of his brow. will strike, and this lack of pro-

— that men who believe all men duction, these increased costs, are
should get what they get by bene- passed back to the union man.
fiting others produce more than Limiting apprentices also re-
Mr. Hoilos is President of the chain of Freedom duces production. Seniority re-
Newspapers with headquarters at Santa Ana, duces production. Jurisdictional

California. This article is from his editorial . .
column of September 26, 1958. disputes reduce production.

44


===== PAGE 47 =====

1958 VOLUNTARY UNIONISM 45

All these things greatly de- tion? Otherwise, by what measur-
crease the accumulation of tools— able, impersonal, eternal rule are
which are the only things that they to be selected?
make increased production possi- One wonders what impersonal
ble. rule, what principles Walter

Undoubtedly billions more of Reuther or George Meany or
wealth would be produced each Harry Bridges or Hoffa or John
year if it were not for labor Lewis use to determine what
unions interfering with the free would be fair wages, since they
and natural division of labor. deny that men should be hired on
Labor unions waste about $750 the competitive, free, and un-
million a year in dues and fines. hampered market basis.

These would furnish 50,000 new While a right-to-work law
jobs a year if it takes $15,000 would not solve all employee-em-
worth of tools for each job. ployer relations problems, it would

Any interference with the free enable the workers to drop out of
and natural division of labor hurts the union when the labor bosses
everyone. If there were complete put in practice too many things
interference with the division of that greatly reduce production
labor, most everyone would starve and take away from the individual
to death in a short time. his right to use his conscience.

Under an ideal society all men The free-rider argument is a
should get all they produce, and hollow argument. Time is a factor
the only way of measuring what in every transaction. Undoubtedly
each and every man produces is to a few workers can get a fictitious
have jobs interchangeable. Then wage for a short time, but this
when one man thinks he is get- leads to unemployment and we fi-
ting less than the true value of nally get a labor government
his production, he is able to which greatly reduces production,
change jobs where he will get all so that in the long run even the
he produces. union man gets lower real wages

If employees are not to be se- than he would get with greater
lected on the basis of competition production from the competitive,
— the workers who will do the free market system.
most for the compensation paid — It is not the nonunion man who
are they to be selected by noncom- is the free-rider, but it is the
petitive rules? By lot? By sen- union man who gets more than
jority? By needs of the worker? people voluntarily would pay him
By rotation? By force or intimida- for his services. oo 0


===== PAGE 48 =====

REGINALD JEBB ® The ‘champions of freedom,” who would under-
mine it for the sake of “social justice,” fail to recognize that . . .

FREEDOM

[A IS INDIVISIBLE

PERSONAL FREEDOM is endangered communities fictions, and from
not only by the action of those who that fact argue that individual
for their own aggrandizement de- freedom is essential to progress,
sire to suppress it in others, but in the sense of movement in a de-
more subtly by well-meaning so- sired direction. But, having estab-
cialists and others who prefer what lished this truth, they proceed to
they believe to be security to the qualify it by saying that if individ-
give and take of a free society. But uals are given freedom, only a few
there is a third danger. It stems of them get their scope, and the
from the arguments of those who majority are prevented from hav-
recognize the supreme need for ing a fair chance; and so, in the
freedom yet feel somehow that it cause of justice, the freedom of
is incompatible with social justice. the few must be curbed for the

The influence of those who find benefit of the many.
themselves in this dilemma is par- That is their premise: a conflict
ticularly dangerous, partly because between incompatible desired ob-
they give the impression of cham- jectives. They proceed to lay down
pioning freedom while actually un- the lines action should take. If we
dermining it, and partly because are to have cooperation between
they include in their number men human beings, they say, the price
of experience with reputations of to be paid must be a curtailment
high scholarship. of freedom in the fields of politics

Their arguments may be sum- and economics. In other words, we
marized as follows: First they must allow state interference in
point out a fact, too often forgot- these important departments of
ten in this age of collectivist prop- life if there is to be any progress.
aganda, that persons are realities, They admit that this is an alarm-

—_— ing prospect, because to re-
Mr. Jebb is a British educator, editor, and . . . ,
journalist. strict freedom is to stifle man’s

46


===== PAGE 49 =====

1958 FREEDOM IS INDIVISIBLE 47

creative powers, but suggest that substitute for freedom is dis-
if we succeed in abolishing war proved everywhere by experience.
and privilege the regimentation Diogenes in his tub can be as free
needed to achieve these two aims — and as happy — as Alexander in
will relax when they are achieved. his palace.
They claim, too, that all freedom But apart from these flaws, the
will not be curtailed. Freedom in premise contains a contradiction.
art and religious experience will Those who stand for freedom
continue even under authoritarian would not admit for a moment
regimes. that a nation had been given its
Thus we have here an argument freedom if the majority remained
that, though freedom is a good unfree. The premise thus denies
and lack of freedom an evil, yet the existence of the very thing it
for the sake of cooperation—a postulates as given. So the remedy
constituent of creative activity — for the situation is not restriction
we must dispense with freedom in of a minority’s freedom, but in-
politics and economics, at least for sistence on freedom for all. In-
a time, to ensure progress. deed it would hardly be an exag-
Let us take the points one by geration to say that the two chief
one, beginning with the premise. duties of a government are: first,
This roundly asserts that if you to ensure freedom for all, and,
give individuals a free rein, a second, to prevent weaker mem-
minority will benefit at the ex- bers of society from losing it
pense of the majority. The first through the action of the strong.
thing to be said about this thesis To prevent exploitation of man by
is that misuse of freedom by self- man is not a curtailment of free-
ish people and power seekers is a dom, but a safeguard of it. What
moral prohlem. Its solution, so far kills personal freedom is the as-
as the State is concerned — for the sumption by the State of the
State is not competent to teach power to choose for individuals
morals — is to frame laws against what they have the right to choose
those who use their freedom to for themselves.
deprive others of theirs. So much then for the premise.
But there is a second point to The action proposed to minimize
notice. Freedom is perfectly con- the evils of the dilemma it pro-
sonant with inequalities of status. pounds is as faulty as the premise
To suppose that equality of in- itself.
come or equality of status, even if This consists in a curtailment
this were universally possible, isa of freedom in the two fields in


===== PAGE 50 =====

48 THE FREEMAN December

which the State can most effec- relax as soon as certain objectives
tively operate — politics and eco- had been gained?
nomics — and it is argued that, in Experience teaches us that the
spite of this curtailment, men will opposite is true. Every advance
still be free in their religious be- that the State makes in control
liefs and for creative work in art. over individuals becomes a jump-
But will they? What about the ing off ground for further con-
communist regime? Marxism is trols. It would be hard to find a
essentially a political-economic in- single instance of relinquishment
vasion of freedom; but no one of power by the State, except as
could say that, under it, a man is the result of popular pressure.
free to worship as his conscience Tyranny does not voluntarily com-
bids him or to develop his artistic mit suicide. This is especially true
faculties unhampered by state in- when control masquerades in pa-
terference. No; deprivation of one ternalistic forms, as in the Wel-
form of freedom leads on to com- fare State. The difficulty of a re-
plete subjection to the dominating turn to freedom in those circum-
power. So to allow our political stances is increased by the grad-
and economic freedom to be taken ual loss of a sense of freedom
from us is the first step to out- among the people. They swallow
right slavery. the bait of paternalism and ask
But why should freedom be re- for more. This gives the govern-
linquished? In order, the argu- ment an excuse for tightening its
ment goes, to abolish war and grip.
privilege; and when this is ac- The view outlined above is by
complished, the regimentation no means uncommon and is sup-
needed to achieve these two aims ported by influential people. Those
will relax. who have freedom at heart should
In the first place what evidence beware of it, for many to whom
is there that State usurpation of it is presented will be persuaded
our political and economic free- by its appearance of impartiality.
dom would have the beneficial re- They will see in it a simple escape
sults claimed? Only a madman from the problem of man’s inhu-
would say that the war gpirit and manity to man, not realizing that
privilege have disappeared in Rus- moral problems cannot be solved
sia where the State has complete by state intervention — least of
control. Then, second, why should all by an intervention that de-
we suppose that state control, prives a man of his power of
once achieved, would voluntarily choice. eo ooo


===== PAGE 51 =====

A REVIEWER'S NOTEBOOK JOHN CHAMBERLAIN

2 Weawmy IRA tlh off

1SIRIFZ TZ IDO NLC

ESSAYS IN PURSUING some studies into the background

oN of William Graham Sumner, I have become
LIBERTY . n

Yi. ¥ more and more convinced that America, no less
than Great Britain, was undone in the eighteen
eighties. Though the philosophy of individual-
ism was still riding high in terms of action, it
had already begun to disappear inside the minds
of so-called intellectuals.

Those were the years in which eighties Henry Demarest Lloyd,
the Social Gospel movement, led financial editor of the Chicago
by the Reverend Washington Tribune, began his attacks on “the
Gladden, was first turning the competitive economy of John
Protestant ministry away from Stuart Mill” while the academic
the parable of the talents and economists, deserting the path laid
toward the idea that the State was out for them by Francis Amasa
the proper keeper of the indi- Walker, commenced to think in
vidual’s conscience. It was in 1888 terms of an “institutionalism’” that
that Edward Bellamy published included government control of all
his utopian romance, Looking lesser institutions.

Backward — and as we “look back- Finally, though Sumner had
ward on Looking Backward” (to hardly completed his own transi-
use a phrase from Henry Hazlitt) tion from economist to sociologist,
we can see how the idea of indus- his own conception of ‘socie-
trial slavery under a “planning” tology” as an objective study of
technocracy got its first coat of the behavior of peoples had al-
deceptively beguiling paint. In the ready been undermined by Lester

49


===== PAGE 52 =====

50 THE FREEMAN December

F. Ward. It was Ward, the so-called not with basic ideas, but with the
“American Aristotle,” whose Dy- mechanics of end-product political
namic Sociology (1883) committed maneuvering. Instead of trying to
the fledgling “science” of soci- save the world with a Grand Idea,
ology to the thesis that mankind the doubting collectivist intellec-
is destined to be ruled by a ‘“socioc- tual tries to save a particular po-
racy’ dominated by the “collective litical party, or a particular con-
mind.” Even before individualism gressional law, or a particular or-
had been properly studied, Ward ganization of a university depart-
concluded that it was dead. ment.

Everything since the eighteen As the London Economist has
eighties has gone Gladden’s way, put it, the danger is not that so-
Bellamy’s way, Lloyd’s way, and cialism will survive as a living
Ward’s way. In other words, it is force; it is that it will hang on as
mind that counts: what the intel- a zombie, keeping the world from
lectuals were saying in the eighties a necessary reconstruction of the
determined the Welfare State free way of life.

“action” of the nineteen thirties

and after. It is not “materialism” A Change in the Making

that shapes history; it is the spirit That the zombie will go, how-
that shapes the mold into which ever, I do not doubt. One of the
the “material” is squeezed. reasons for my faith is to be found

Whether this presages the com- in the sort of thinking that has
plete subordination of our grand- gone into the three new volumes
children to a “planning” elite de- of Essays on Liberty (Vols. III,
pends entirely on what our intel- IV, and V, Foundation for Eco-
lectuals are saying today. Cer- nomic Education, $3.00 per vol-
tainly a good case can be made out ume in cloth, $2.00 paperbound).
that collectivism is still riding as Taken from FEE publications
high in the “spiritual” world as (from Ideas on Liberty, The Free-
it is in the “material” actuality of man, and from separate releases),
the cradle-to-grave Security State. the essays retain a freshness, a

As I read the books and periodi- sincerity, a keenness of edge, that
cals of our time, however, I detect one looks for in vain in the pub-
a distinct sense of ennui in the lications of the collectivist Left.
proponents of collectivism. Self- The authors assembled in these
doubt causes some of them to be- volumes are not, in the ordinary
come shrill; in others, the canker sense of the term, crusaders; they
of doubt leads to a preoccupation, prefer to let others engage in the


===== PAGE 53 =====

1958 A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM 51

journalism of personal combat. economists do not ordinarily dis-
Nevertheless, they represent a re- cuss the moral bases of freedom,
surgence that is bound, in the na- the most effective of the categories
ture of things, to become con- is that devoted to the spiritual
tagious in a world of collectivist choices that underlie contrasting
“action” that brings nothing but economic systems.
frustration and disappointment. - Try Francis E. Mahaffy’'s “A
Though all prophecy is risky, I am Clergyman’s Security’ (from Vol-
certain these “essayists of liberty” ume IV), or Edmund Opitz’s
sit where such people as Gladden, “Two Points of View” (same vol-
Lloyd, Bellamy, and Ward sat in ume), or George Winder’s “Ad-
the eighties, the creators of the ministrative Law in Great Brit-
world that is to be. ain” (Volume V), or Frank
In the eighteen eighties the col- Chodorov’s “Source of Rights”
lectivist thinkers had an advan- (Volume III), and see what they
tage: their panaceas hadn't been do to clarify your general eco-
tried within living memory. Only nomic attitude. These essays bring
the long-sighted historian knew home the fact that compulsion is
how bad they were. Today the bad not only because it acts as a
shoe is on the other foot: volun- drag on production; it is bad be-
tarism itself, which has never had cause it cuts clean athwart spirit-
a thorough chance to work its ual laws that make for responsi-
benefits, looks infinitely more ble and honest human beings. Our
promising than the reality of a present Social Security system is
state action that has resulted in bad not only because it is an ac-
a rotting dollar, in a constantly tuarial monstrosity; it is bad be-
growing tax load, and in a steadily cause it rests on the employment
increasing atmosphere of coercion in politics of the principle of com-
and intimidation. The advocates mon theft. Things go wrong in
of freedom are no longer arguing economics not so much for tech-
against utopia; they are arguing nical reasons as for moral aberra-
against an existing order that is tions that result in the flouting
unable to deliver on its promises. of the imperatives that were first

The difference is important. set forth in the Ten Command-
ments. It is as simple as that.
Moral Basis for Freedom The second big category of

The three new volumes of essays in these volumes applies the
Essays on Liberty fall easily into morality of freedom to the realm
two big categories. Simply because of technical analysis. In a bril-


===== PAGE 54 =====

52 THE FREEMAN December

liant phrase Frank Chodorov re- ‘Facts about the Industrial Revo-
fers to tariffs as a means of im- lution” (Volume IV), a scathing
posing a ‘“self-blockade.”” Murray manipulation of chapter and verse
Rothbard observes that, where which leaves the standard eco-
private business tries to solve its nomic “historians” of the late
problems by increasing its services eighteenth and early nineteenth
to the consumer, government is centuries without any legs to
invariably driven to cheat on its stand on. As Dr. Mises says, the
treatment of the public (as when Industrial Revolution got its first
the Post Office cuts its mail de- great impetus by selling cotton
liveries to one a day). Dr. Roth- shirts to the masses at prices they
bard sets up the ninepins for could afford. The rich, meanwhile,
Leonard Read's arresting “Let went on buying silks. Though
Anyone Deliver Mail.” Various laissez faire capitalism obviously
contributors make an equally brought impressive relief to mil-
sound case for private education. lions of previously ill-clothed in-
Where Francis Mahaffy tells the habitants of Europe and Asia,
reader that state-enforced Social Frederick Engels and Karl Marx
Security is morally defective, Paul insisted on describing the vast out-
Poirot explains why it is eco- pouring of cheap textiles at low

nomically self-defeating. prices as ‘“‘exploitation.” Thus the
pioneer Leftist adventure in Dou-

Fables Enforced by Facts blethink and Doubletalk.
One of the most effective devices Volume V of the Essays reprints

used by the contributors to Essays “The Sources of Invention,” by
on Liberty is whimsy. F. A. Har- John Jewkes, a study which will
per's “The Graduated Gadinkus ultimately cause the rewriting of
Tax” (see Volume IV) makes its every economic textbook in use in
point by way of a most pleasur- America.

able bit of fantasy. In making use

of the whimsical fable Dr. Harper Libertarian Methodology

touches hands across a full cen- The philosophy behind the
tury with Frederic Bastiat, whose Foundation for Economic Educa-
own delightful fables (“The Can- tion is set forth by indirection in

dlemakers’ Petition,” “Robinson several of Leonard Read’s own
Crusoe and Free Trade”) are re- contributions to the three volumes
printed in Volume V. under review. Mr. Read does not

To balance the whimsy, there is grab you by the lapel to make his
Ludwig von Mises’ magisterial points; he talks about the virtues


===== PAGE 55 =====

THE FOUNDATION FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION

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===== PAGE 56 =====

54 THE FREEMAN December

of waiting, of taking thought 1957, this committee reported its
about one’s own understanding of selections: Henry Clay, John C.
principles before preaching to Calhoun, Daniel Webster, Robert
others. This is not the only way of M. La Follette, Sr., and Robert A.
making the case for freedom, but Taft. This event prompted Mr.
it is a sound way. Where satire Holmes Alexander, a writer of
often repels by wounding, and some repute, to do a book, con-
where direct commentary on the sisting of longish profiles of these
personalities of politicians, labor former senators. It is called The
leaders, and publicists tends to Famous Five.

harden the lines of combat, Mr. Biography is always interesting
Read’s approach always permits — because people are most inter-
his ideological “enemies” to recon- ested in people — and this one is
sider their own positions without particularly so because the author
Losing Face. This method of seek- confined himself to the highlights
ing converts works with the sub- of cach subject's career, omitting
tlety of a camphor ball. By chang- the trivia which a full length biog-
ing the atmosphere of discussion, raphy usually contains. The au-
it often succeeds in changing the thor makes the reading pleasant
nature of the discussion itself. It with his easy, idiomatic style;
allows principle to be discussed as only occasionally and inoffensively
principle, not utilized as a mere does he make value judgments,

“weapon” in a combat. ® o eo and never does he take recourse to
the Freudianisms which belabor
< The Famous Five many modern biographies. The

time spent on reading this book is

By Holmes Alexander. New _.,; .... ded.

York: The Bookmailer, 1958.
208 pp. $3.50. What Is Fame?

THE 84th Congress looked at the When you are finished, though,
decor of the Senate Reception you find a question lurking back
Room and found it wanting: there in your mind: what makes a man
were five gaping spaces on the famous? Or, what specific trait or
walls which called for filling in. accomplishment does a man have
So, the Senate sect up a committee to have to achieve fame? The five
to select from its many departed characters treated in this book
members those five whose claim to seem to be dissimilar in all re-
fame entitled their portraits to spects — as to idiosyncrasies, as to
grace those walls. On April 30, background, as to intellectual


===== PAGE 57 =====

1958 OTHER BOOKS 5153

equipment, as to the parts they opposite of La Follette, pursuing
played in their senatorial careers. a course which can be called,
And yet, they all achieved fame. loosely, conservative; he was ever
Of all the five, Clay is the only the lawyer, the constitutionalist,
one who could be called affable; he the student. The point is that de-
was loved even by his enemies, and spite their dissimilarities these
it was this quality that made it five achieved fame.
possible for him to effect legisla-
tive compromises even on issues All Men of Integrity
that seemed irreconcilable. On the The author ascribes the distinc-
other hand, his contemporaries, tion they acquired to a trait not
Webster and Calhoun, became fa- frequently found in a politician,
mous despite their lack of affa- integrity. To be sure, each one in
bility; Webster was haughty and his over-all career held to a basic
austere, Calhoun was puritani- philosophy of government. Yet
cally dour. Webster was first, last, each one, as a practitioner of the
and all the time an orator, using “art of the possible,” was not
this gift unsparingly and effec- above making concessions to what
tively to promote the enhancement he did not believe in if in so doing
of federal power at the expense of he thought he could further his
the states; Calhoun, while not own cause. Clay, a protectionist,
tongue-tied, depended more on voted for lower tariffs as a con-
scholarship and logic to support cession to the South. Calhoun saw
his states rights position. Though nothing inconsistent in his advo-
they were opposites in practically cacy of a federal program of canal
every respect, they were famous and road building and his ad-
in their time and have remained vocacy of states rights. Webster
so during the years. was against slavery; but he in-
La Follette acquired the acco- sisted with twisted logic that it
lade by methods which none of the was obligatory upon the North to
others used, or did so sparingly; 2
he was the soapbox type of orator,
appealing to passion rather than

Any book reviewed in this Book Section (or

reason, stirring up class hatred, ony other current hook) supplied by return

attacking his political enemies mail. You pay only the bookstore price. We

without regard to the amenities, pay the postage anywhere in the world.
. Catalogue on request.

making unpopular causes popular

by the intensity of his presenta- THE BOOKMAILER, Box 101, New York 16

tion. Taft, again, was quite the



===== PAGE 58 =====

56 THE FREEMAN December

return runaway slaves to their overcame his instinct for privacy.
owners. La Follette made a career Politics offers no profit quite as
out of attacking political machines alluring as the adulation of one’s
and bosses; yet he built in Wis- peers or the applause of the multi-
consin one of the country’s most tude, and this is the stuff of which
powerful machines, of which he fame is made. The common hunger
was the undisputed boss. Taft, for fame of these five is shown by
generally a decentralizer, sup- their common ambition: to become
ported federal aid to education President of the United States.
and federal housing. That is to Why? Few, if any, of the Presi-
say, all were politicians, not phi- dents who served during their
losophers, and therefore incon- times are as well remembered as
sistent. are these senators, and one sur-
In one respect all five had some- mises that the fame they acquired
thing in common, as indicated, in the Senate chamber might have
though not emphasized, in this been dimmed in the Chief Execu-
charming book. They all came into tive’s office. But, ambition does
the political arena equipped with not stop to reason.
a strong desire for fame. True, You won’t find out in this book
Taft was at first rather reticent, what fame consists of, or what
but this deficiency was overcome makes a person famous, but you
by the prodding of an ambitious will enjoy the reading of it.
and brilliant wife, and he easily FRANK CHODOROV

We invite your subscription to

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A CONSERVATIVE REVIEW
Published Quarterly
VoL. 2, No. 4 (Fall 1958) Edited by RusseLL Kirk
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===== PAGE 59 =====

THE FREEMAN, Volume 8, January-December 1958 I
(Titles and authors of articles and books reviewed) X
Prepared by VERNELIA A. CRAWFORD of the Foundation staff

Note: In page references, the number preceding the colon designates the
month; the number following the colon refers to pages.

A ) Bastiat, Frederic
Ancient Chinese Story, An, 9:46

Abelson, Sidney J. Another Tale of Two Cities, 10:27

Human Side of Human Beings, The, 5:3 Candlemakers’ Petition, The, 3:17
Adler, Mortimer 3 How To Work More and Have Less, 2:25
Capitalist Manifesto, The. By L. Kelso and Justice Versus Restrictions on Trade, 4:40
M grdler. Reviewed by J. Chamberlain, Marriage of the Farmer's Daughter, The,
; , 6:20
Administrative Agency Colossus, The. By G. Robinson Crusoe and Free Trade, 1:28
Leslie, 10:31 , Battle for the Inner Man, The. By E. Peter-
Admiral’s Log, The. By B. Moreell. Reviewed son and N. Whitehouse, 7:39
by J. Chamberlain, 6:57 Beasley, M. Robert
Adult Education Boondoggle, The. By R. Guarantee of Freedom, 9:32
Kirk, 10:66 . Behind Civilization . .. A Vision. By E. Opitz,
Affluent Society, The. By J. Galbraith. Re- 1:56
viewed by J. Chamberlain, 8:60 Bending the Twig—The Revolution in Educa-
Age of Discretion, The. Quote by S. Coleridge, tion and Its Effects on Our Children. By A.
11:53 Rudd. Reviewed by F. Keith, 3:62
Alexander, Holmes Beneficiaries of Free Market Upgrading. By
Famous Five, The. Reviewed by F. Chodorov, L. Read, 9:17
12:54 Bennett, Wallace F.
American, The. By C. North, 11:10 Problem of Inflation, The; quote, 11:60
American Cause, The. By R. Kirk. Reviewed Berrill, N. J.
by E. Opitz, 4:62 Spirit of the Universe, The; quote, 1:56
American Creed, An; quote. Anonymous, 12:13 Bien, Bettina
Ancient Chinese Story, An. By F. Bastiat, : “Plot” That Never Was, The, 9:47
9:45 . . Reviews:
And Then Some. By E. Ritter, Jr, 11:21 One Man's Fight for Freedom. By A. Hein-
Annual Report of the U.S. Steel Corp. (1957) sohn, Jr. 10:62
Power To Tax, The, 6:50 Rid to P. : 2 A. B D. Th ri 8:64
Another Tale of Two Cities. By F. Bastiat, Blum Walton 1.0m y orin,
10:27 “Famous Last Words,” 3:39
Aristotle :
Injustice by Any Name, An; quote, 12:48 Bogrman, Patrick M. the Cl 8:3
Ask the Man Who Farms One. Quote from alue Judgments In the Classroom, 3:
editorial in New York Herald Tribune, 7:24  Boewe, Charles
Awareness of the Unknown. Quote by R. Review:
Price, 10:61 Man on Your Back: A Preface to the Art
of Living Without Producing in Modern
8 Society, The. By W. Marrs, 5:63

Ballot and the Constitution, The. By H. Bradford, Ralph
Spitsbergen, 13 y Legend of Lagash, A, 7:44

Barriers to World Commerce. By W. Peter- Myth of Federal Aid, The, 11:31

son, 10:6 On Turning Back the Clock, 12:3
Barron's Uncle John and the Termites, 1:34
Profits and Jobs, 4:13 Would You Have Signed It? 9:3
Bartlett, Hall, editor Bread or Post Offices? By O. Cooley, 6:11
Democracy Versus Communism. By K. Cole- Brown, W. J.
grove. Reviewed by J. Chamberlain, 2:61 Imprisoned Ideas, 3:13

67


===== PAGE 60 =====

b8 THE FREEMAN December

Brozen, Yale Chamberlin, William Henry

Positive Action against Communism, 7:32 Not Victories for Communism, 4:32
Buenos Aires—No Place To Live. By D. Profits—Key to Prosperity, 65:26

Smyth, 11:23 Prophet, de Tocqueville, The, 12:14
Burgess, John W. Channing, William Ellery

Trembling in the Balance; quote, 1:42 Spiritual Freedom: quote, 4:31
Business of Their Own, A. By L. Dobler. Chicago Daily Drovers Journal

Reviewed by B. Lee, 6:62 Each to His Own Folly, 10:38

Chodorov, Frank
Cc Reviews:

Campaign Promises. By R. Heciple II, 8:15 Famous Five, The. By H, Alexander, 12:54
Can Labor Clean Its Own House? By S. Radicals and Conservatives. By W. Me-

Petro, 2:6 Govern and D. Collier, 6:61
Candlemakers’ Petition, The. By F. Bastiat, Snoring as a Fine Art and Twelve Other

8:17 Essays. By A. Nock, 9:66

Canora (Canada) Courier Christianity T
h f y Today
c Man on His Jn, Al uote, 8:31 E Opit Inflation Is a Moral Problem, 5:23
32 ism an ur Lulture. By &. Opitz, Citadel, Market and Altar. By 8S. Heath.
Capitalist Manifesto, The. By L. Kelso and Reviewed by M. Rothbard, 7:63
M. Adler. Reviewed by J. Chamberlain, Citizen and the Legislator, The. Quote by H.

4:58 Spencer, 3:45
Case, Edward Clark, Blake
First Grade Economics, 7:26 Lo, the Poor Taxpayer, 3:5
Catastrophe of Confusion, The. By E. Root, Clark, George M.
6:22 Who's Forgotten Now? 1:14
Chamberlain, John Colegrove, Kenneth
Reviews: Democracy Versus Communism. Edited by
Admiral’'s Log, The. By B. Moreell, 6:57 H. Bartlett. Reviewed by J. Chamberlain,
Affluent Society, The. By J. Galbraith, 8:60 2:61
Capitalist Manifesto, The. By L. Kelso and Coleridge, Samuel
M. Adler, 4:68 Age of Discretion, The; quote, 11:63

Democracy Versus Communism. By K. Cole-
grove and edited by H. Bartlett, 2:61 Collier, David 8,

Economic Analysis of Labor Union Power, Radicals and Conservatives. By W. Me-

The. By E. Chamberlin, 5:59 Govern and D. Collier. Reviewed by F.

Essays on Individuality. By F. Morley, 11:61 Chodorow, 8:81 eo By SR
Essays on Liberty (Vols. 8, 4, 5), selected Comedy at the Bargaining Table. By S. Ry-

articles previously published by the Foun- denfelt, 2:15
dation for Economic Education, 12:49 Commanding the Tides, By D. Smyth, 8:35
General Theory of Employment, Interest Common Ownership, American Style. By A.
and Money. By J, Keynes, 3:58 Terrill, 9:10
How the NLRB Repealed Taft-Hartley. By Cooey, Frank H.
S. Petro, 5:62 ) Who Wants To Pay for a New Airport?
Pursuit of Excellence: Education and the 9:52
Future of America, The (Rockefeller Re- Cool 0 w
port), 9:59 ooley, scar .
Reflections on Hanging. By A. Koestler Bread or Post Offices? 6:11
1:60 * : ' Freedom and the Purpose of Life, 10:52
School Nceds in the Decade Ahead. By R. Covey, Frank M., Jr.
Freeman, 9:80 Review: ,
Schools Without Scholars. By J. Keats, Supreme Court, The. By B. Schwartz, 4:64
10:58 Cravens, M. E.
Sources of Invention, The. By J. Jewkes, D. Who Sets the Price? 7:86
Sawers, and R, Stillerman, 7:69 Curtiss, 'W. M.
Welfare, Freedom and Inflation. By W. Freedom Rests on Private Property, 8:19
Roepke, 3:80 Tools; quote, 5:50
Chamberlin, Edward H, Review:
Economic Analysis of Labor Union Power, Nationalizations—=Ten Years Later, By M,

The. Reviewed by J. Chamberlain, 5:89 Palyi, 9:63


===== PAGE 61 =====

1958 THE FREEMAN 59

D Foundation for Economic Education
. Essays on Liberty (Vols. 3, 4, 5), selected

th of 1 . By V. Tripp, 3:2 A : Lat an
Dent of ony: oY, Ure ow. S 7 articles previously published by the Foun-
Democracy Veraus Communism. By K. Cole- dation for Economic Education. Reviewed

grove. Edited by H. Bartlett. Reviewed by o by J. Chamberlain, 12:49 .

J. Chamberlain, 2:61 Free Enterprise—Why? By L. Martin, 6:37

Democratic Despotism. Quote by A. de Toc- Free Medicine Can Make You Sick. By C.

. Jones, 2:31
queville, 11:13 ’ .
De Tocqueville, Alexis Free the Railroads. Quote from Colorado

. A . Springs Gazette Telegraph, 1:46
Democratic Despotism; quote, 11:13 a ) X
Prophet, The. By W. Chamberlin, 12:14 From ae Turmose of Life. By O.
“Diogenes” (from Time and Tide) - ' oe.
No license for Derek Wiscombe, 4:39 Freedom Is Indivisible. By R. Jebb, 12:46
} a Freedom of the Mind. By P. Valery, 1:47
Do It Yourself. By K., Vidor, 8:59 Freed to | . Bv D h J
Dobler, Lavinia reedom o pportunity. By D. Johnson, Jr.,

. ve : 5:13
87 } , A. Reviewed b .
Business of Their Own ev y Freedom Rests on Private Property. By W.

B. Lee, 6:62 .
Double Charge on Toll Roads. By F. Sproule, Curtiss, 3:19
1:43 Freedom To Create. Quote by C. Greenewalt,
Dreaded Corporation, The. Quote by B. Hill, 9:51
1:11 Freeman, Roger A.
School Necds in the Decade Ahead. Re-
E viewed by J. Chamberlain, 9:60

Each to His Own Folly. From Chicago Daily  Fruin, Richard L.
Drovers Journal, 10:38 None So Virtuous, 8:10

Early Quakers, The. By F. Walker, 6:17

Economic Analysis of Labor Union Power, G
The. By E. Chamberlin, Reviewed by J. Galbraith, John Kenneth
Chamberlain, 5:59 Affluent Society, The. Reviewed by J.
Economy in Government. By A. Kemp, 5:56 Chamberlain, 8:60
Education and Community Life. By W. Mul- Gazette Telegraph (Colorado Springs)
lendore, 4:24 . Free the Railroads; quote, 1:46
Educational Trends. By A. Terrill, 12:22 General Theory of Employment, Interest and
Employee Opportunities. Quote by P. Poirot, Money. By J. Keynes. Reviewed by J.
9:44 Chamberlain, 3:58

Employer’s Resignation. By G. Kenyon, 4:23
Engineering Education. By B. Moveell, 11:43
Essays on Individuality. By F. Morley. Re-
viewed by 1. Chamberlain, 11:61 Gods of the Copybook Headings, The. By R.
Essays on Liberty (Vols, 3, 4, 5), selected Kipling, 1:12
articles previously published by the Foun- Goethe

Get the Government Out! Quote from Farm
and Ranch, 8:44

dation for Economic Education. Reviewed Repeating the Truth; quote, 7:66
by J. Chamberlain, 12:49 Government Sets a Pattern. By E. Hutton,
Eternal Vigilance. Quote by I. Olds, 9:9 8:9
European Economic Integration. By W. Grasshoppers and Widows. By R. LeFevre,
Roepke, 8:46 10:41
Executive Salaries, By H. Sennholz, 7:3 Greenewalt, Crawford H.
Freedom To Create: quote, 9:51
False Gods. Ry R. J iN 5 Guarantee of Freedom, By M. Beasley, 9:32
slse Gods. By R. Jebb, 5:51 Guaranty Survey
Famous Five, The. By H. Alexander. Re- Popular Causes and Unpopular Effects,
viewed by F. Chodorov, 12:54 2:38
“Famous Last Words.” By W. Blum, 3:39
Farm and Ranch H

Get the Government Out! quote, 8:44
Farm Leader Speaks, A. By C. Shuman, 1:25
Fertig, Lawrence Our Town, 9:54

Readjustment without Inflation, 8:32 Handler, Julian H.
Fighting Fires Privately. By F. Harper, 8:29 Independent Fights Back, The, 7:27
First Grade Economics. By E. Case, 7:25 Happiness. By H. McBain, 8:57

Hand, Edward


===== PAGE 62 =====

60 THE FREEMAN December

Harper, F. A. J
Fighting Fires Privately, 8:29 bb 1
On Sharing Profits, 1:8 J roan cine a 61
Organized Incentives Not To Work, 5:32 Freedom Is Indivisible 12:46
Sacred Cows and Bruised Shins, 3:47 Labor Unions and Liberty, 2:26

Stand-by Controls; quote, 3:49
Training the Young To Be Capitalists, 4:16
Why Wages Rise; quote, 8:66
Hazlitt, Henry
Saving the X Industry; quote, 8:21
Wage Rates and Jobs, 4:11
Heath, Spencer

Jewkes, John
Sources of Invention, The, 4:45
Sources of Invention, The. By J. Jewkes,
D. Sawers, and R. Stillerman. Reviewed
by J. Chamberlain, 7:59
Johnson, Darryl W., Jr.

Citadel, Market and Altar. Reviewed by M. Freedom of Opportunity, 5:13
Rothbard, 7:63 Johnson, Mallory Cross
Heineman, Ben W. Sermon, 2:12
Reviving the Railroads, 5:36 Jones, Charles G.
Heinsohn, A. G., Jr. Free Medicine Can Make You Sick, 2:31
One Man's Fight for Freedom. Reviewed by jordan, Virgil; quote, 12:66
B. Bien, 10:62 Justice. By K. Sollitt, 6:46

Heiple, Rae C. II . Justice Versus Restrictions on Trade. By F.
Campaign Promises, 8:16 Bastiat. 4:40

Hill, Benjamin Harvey
Dreaded Corporation, The; quote, 1:11

Hoiles, R. C. K
Voluntary Unionism, 12:44 Keats, John
Why Protection Is Easier To Sell Than Schools Without Scholars. Reviewed by J.
Competition, 8:19 Chamberlain, 10:58
How Can Europe Survive! by H. Sennholz; Keith, Frank B.
quote, 1:66 Review:

How the NLRB Repealed Taft-Hartley. By
S. Petro. Reviewed by J. Chamberlain,
65:62

Bending the Twig — The Revolution in Ed-
ucation and Its Effects on Qur Children.

How To Increase Tax Revenue. By J. Mor- Kel By A. fudd, 3:62
rison, 11:27 elso, Louis O.

Capitalist Manifesto, The. By L. Kelso and
Less. By F. ’
How To Work More and Have Less y M. Adler. Reviewed by J. Chamberlain,

Human Side of Human Beings, The. By 8S. 4:68

Abelson, 5:3 Kemp, Arthur
Hutton. E. F. Economy in Government, 6:66

Government Sets a Pattern, 8:9 Kenyon, Grace Lee

Quo Vadis? 1:83 Employer's Resignation, 4:23

Kershner, Howard E.
1 Question of Means, A; quote, 1:19
I, Pencil. By L. Read, 12:32 Keynes, John Maynard
Imperial Reseript, An. By R. Kipling, 2:13 General Theory of Employment, Interest
Imprisoned Ideas. By W. Brown, 8:18 and Money. Reviewed by J. Chamberlain,
: 3 a :68

In Another Recession. By H. Sennholz, 4:6 Kipling, Rudyard
Independent Fights Back, The. By J. Han- Gods of the Copybook Headings, The, 1:12

dler, 7:27 Imperial Rescript, An, 2:18
Inflation Is a Burglar. By S. Pettengill, 9:13 Kirk, Russell
Inflation Is a Moral Problem. From Christi- Adult Education Boondoggle, The, 10:65
anity Today, 5:28 American Cause, The. Reviewed by E.
Injustice by Any Name, An. Quote by Aris- Opitz, 4:62
totle, 12:43 Knowledge of Good and Evil. Quote from
Institute for Social Science Research Review of The Institute of Public Affairs,
School Needs in the Decade Ahead. By R, 4:57
Freeman. Reviewed by J. Chamberlain, Koestler, Arthur
9:60 Reflections on Hanging. Reviewed by J.

Interventionism. Quote by H. Sennholz, 1:66 Chamberlain, 1:60


===== PAGE 63 =====

1958 THE FREEMAN 61

L Moreell, Ben
Labor Unions and Liberty. By R. Jebb, 2:26 ~~ Admirals § 0p, The. Reviewed by J. Cham-
Leave It to Junior. By P. Poirot, 12:28 eriain, 5: . .
Leckrone, Walter Engineering Education, 11:43
What's Bad about Labor Laws? 10:28 Moyle, Felix ividuali .
Lee, Brad Fgsays on Indiv uality. Reviewed by J.
"Review: Chamberlain, 11:61
; : . Morrison, Jay
Businces of Their Own, A. By L. Dobler, How To Increase Tax Revenue, 11:27
LeFevre Robert Unsatisfied Desires, 9:29
Grasshoppers and Widows, 10:41 Mullendore, Ww. C. , it .
Market Relationships, 9:39 Education and Community Life, 4:24
Shades of Hammurabi. 2:53 Myth of Federal Aid, The. By R. Bradford,
Legend of Lagash, A. By R. Bradford, 7:44 11:81
Lejeune, Anthony N
What Right To Strike? 11:64
Leslie, Grey Nationalizations — Ten Years Later. By M.
Administrative Agency Colossus, The, 10:31 Palyi. Reviewed by W. Curtiss, 9:63
Lesson in Socialism. By T. Shelly, 3: cover Nature of Socialistic Disaster, The. By L.
Let the Sun Shine In. By L. Read, 7:9 Read, 11:14
Levy, M. L. Nature's Laws and Man's Laws. By W.
Sheer Joy of Learning, The, 5:11 Peterson, 11:39 }
Liberal or Conservative? By S. Pettengill, 12:11 New York Herald Tribune
“Liberals” and the Constitution by H. Plow- Ask the Man Who Farms One; quote, 7:24
deeper; quote, 5:66 No License for Derek Wiscombe, By ‘‘Dioge-
Life on the Reservation. Quote by R. Rush- nes” in Time and Tide, 4:39
doony, 3:12 No, Thank You. Letter by J. Patrick, 8:13
Lift Not Thy Hands to It. By L. Read, 1:20 Nock, Albert Jay
Lo, the Poor Taxpayer. By B. Clark, 3:5 . Snoring as a” Fine Art and Twelve Other
Love, Harry M. Essays. Reviewed by F. Chodorov, 9:56
Progress through Competition, 1:30 None So Virtuous. By R. Fruin, 8:10
North, Christopher
M American, The, 11:10
Not Victories for Communism. By W. Cham-
Man on His Own, A, Quote from the Canora berlin, 4:32
(Canada) Courier, 6:31
Man on Your Back: A Preface to the Art of o

Living Without Producing in Modern So-
ciety, The. By W. Marrs. Reviewed by
C. Boewe, 5:63
Market Relationships. By R. LeFevre, 9:39
Marriage of the Farmer's Daughter, The. By

Olds, Irving S.
Eternal Vigilance; quote, 9:9
On Sharing Profits. By F. Harper, 1:3
On Turning Back the Clock. By R. Bradford,

R . 12:8
Marre pe 820 One Man's Fight for Freedom. By A. Hein-
Man on Your Back: A Preface to the Art sohn, Jr. Reviewed by B. Bien, 10:62

Opitz, Edmund A.

of Living Without Producing in Modern Behind Civilization . . . A Vision, 1:66

Society, The. Reviewed by C. Boewe, 5:63

. Capitalism and Our Culture, 3:32
Martin, Leonard W, ; .
Free Enterprise—Why? 6:37 Supreme Court Challenged, The, 3:64

McBain, Hughston M.

a A American Cause, The. By R. Kirk, 4:62
Mobpiness, 8:57 Organized Incentives Not To Work. By F.
cCormick, R. C. Harper, 5:32
What's in a Name? 8:45 0 To 'B E. Hand. 9:5
McGovern, William M. ur Town. By E. Hand, 9:54
Radicals and Conservatives. By W. Me-
Govern and D. Collier. Reviewed by F. P
Chodorov, 6:61 Palm Beach Post-Times, The
Measure of Success, The. By B. and A. Sig- Twilight of the Republic? 7:13
nor, 5:41 Palyi, Melchior
Mises, Ludwig Nationalizations — Ten Years Later. Re-

Wages, Unemployment, and Inflation, 5:15 viewed by W. Curtiss, 9:63


===== PAGE 64 =====

62 THE FREEMAN December

Paton, William A. Prophet, de Tocqueville, The. By W. Cham-
Price System; quote, 2:66 berlin, 12:14
Shirtsleceve Economics: A Commonsense Psychology of Leadership, The. By F. Wink-
Survey; quote, 2:66 ler, 3:50
Patrick, Jim Pursuit of Fzcellence: Education and the
No, Thank You; letter, 8:13 Future of America, The (Rockefeller Re-
Peterson, Elmer T. port.) Reviewed by J. Chamberlain, 9:59
Battle for the Inner Man, The. By E. Peter-
son and N. Whitehouse, 7:39 Q
Peterson, William H. Question of Defense, A. By P. Poirot, 7:56
Barriers to World Commerce, 10:5 Question of Means, A. Quote by H. Kershner,
Nature's Laws and Man's Laws, 11:39 1:19
Revolution Down on the Farm, 7:20 Quo Vadis? By E. Hutton, 1:33
Petro, Sylvester
Can Labor Clean Its Own House? 2:5 R
Ho ike kb chomaaled Taft-Hartley. Radicals and Conservatives. By W. McGovern
! and D. Collier. Reviewed by F. Chodorov,

Proper Role of Trade Unions in Society,
The, 9:41
Pettengill, Samuel B.
Inflation Is a Burglar, 9:13
Liberal or Conservative? 12:11
Phelan, Towner

Preservation of Liberty, The, 2:47 )
Pleasants, J. G. Lift Not Thy Hands to It, 1:20

Progress through Individuals; quote, 12:10 Bature of Socinlistic o aster, The, 11:14
“Plot” That Never Was, The. By B. Bien, olice tower, e, bo
9-47 Recipe for a Good Meal, 5:46
Plowdeeper, Henry arensth Throuh Struggle; quote, 7:31
“Liberals” and the Constitution; quote, 5:66 ese, Our Gi ts, 10:44
Poirot, Paul L. Two Kinds of Influence; quote, 3:57
Readjustment without Inflation. By L. Fertig,
8:32

6:61
Read, Leonard E.
Beneficiaries of Free Market Upgrading,
9:17
I, Pencil, 12:32
Let the Sun Shine In, 7:9

Employee Opportunities; quote, 9:44

Leave 1t to Junior, 12:28
Question of Defeuse, A. 7:55 Rebel Farmer, The. By G. Winder, 12:25

Recipe for a Good Meal. By L. Read, 5:46
To the Moon, 2:41 , . ¢
Pola ae EIA L. Read. 6:3 Reflections on Hanging. By A. Koestler.
Popular Causes nnd Unpopular Effects. From Reviewed by J. Chamberlain, 1:60
Guaranty Survey, 2:36 Regulatory Taxation. By H. Sennholz, 11:3
Positive Action against Communism. By y,  Reinach, Anthony M.
Brozen, 7:32 Why the Government Cannot Control the

Power To Tax, The. From Annual Report Business Cycle, 7:17

of the U. S. Steel Corp. (1957), 6:60 Renalosance in Responsibility. By V. Tripp,
Preservation of Liberty, The. By T. Phelan, Repeating the Truth. Quote by Gocthe, 7:66
Price, Richard Review of The Institute of Public Affairs
Awareness of the Unknown; quote, 10:51 Knowledge of Good and Evil; quote, 4:57
Private Enterprise (poem). Anonymous, 1:22 Reviving the Railroads, By B. Heineman,
Problem of Inflation, The. Quote by W. 5:86
Bennett, 11:60 Revolution Down on the Farm, By W, Peter-
Profits and Jobs. From Barron's, 4:13 son, 7:20
Profits—Key to Prosperity. By W. Chamber- Ride to Panmunjom, A. By D. Thorin. Re-
lin, 65:26 viewed by B. Bien, 8:64
Profound Differences. Quote by R. Williams, Ritter, E. J, Jr.
5:10 And Then Some, 11:21
Progress through Competition. By H. Love, Robinson Crusoe and Free Trade. By F.
1:30 . Bastiat, 1:23
Progress through Individuals. Quote by J. Rockefeller Report
Pleasants, 12:10 Pursuit of FKxzeellence: Fducation and the
Proper Role of Trade Unions in Society, The. Future of America, The. Reviewed by J,

By S. Petro, 9:41 Chamberlain, 9:59


===== PAGE 65 =====

1958 THE FREEMAN 63

Roepke, Wilhelm Signor, Bob and Ann
European Economic Integration, 8:46 Measure of Success, The, 5:41
Welfare, Freedom and Inflation. Reviewed Slums and Mansions. By H. Sennholz, 8:22
by J. Chamberlain, 3:60 Smyth, David
Rogers, James M, Buenos Aires—No Place To Live, 11:23
Two Ways to Slavery; quote, 11:66 Commanding the Tides, 8:35
Root, E. Merrill Snoring as e¢ Fine Art and Twelve Other
Catastrophe of Confusion, The, 6:22 Essays. By A. Nock. Reviewed by F.
Rothbard, Murray N. Chodorov, 9:56
Review: Sollitt, Kenneth W.
Citadel, Market and Altar. By S. Heath, Justice, 6:46
7:63 Source of Money, The. By G. Winder, 9:21
Rudd, Augustin G. Sources of Invention, The, By J. Jewkes,
Bending the Twig—The Revolution in Edu- 4:45
cation and Its Effects on Qur Children. Sources of Invention, The. By J. Jewkes, D.
Reviewed by F. Keith, 3:62 Sawers, and R. Stillerman. Reviewed by J.
Rushdoony, R. J. Chamberlain, 7:59
Life on the Reservation: quote, 3:12 Spencer, Herbert
Russia Faces Food Crisis. By L. Sullivan, Citizen and the Legislator, The; quote,
6:27 3:45
Rydenfelt, Sven Spirit of Humility, The. By F. Walker, 3:43
Comedy at the Bargaining Table, 2:15 Spirit of the Universe, The. Quote by N.
Tale of Two Nations, A, 11:57 Berrill, 1:55
Spiritual Freedom. Quote by W. Channing,
Spitsbergen, H. E.
Sacred Cows and Bruised Shins. By F. Ballot and the Constitution, The, 6:13
Harper, 3:47 Sproule, F. R.
Saving the X Industry. Quote by H., Haz- Double Charge on Toll Roads, 1:43
litt, 8:21 Stand-by Controls. Quote by F. Harper, 3:49
Sawers, David Stillerman, Richard
Sources of Invention, The. By J. Jewkes, Sources of Invention, The. By J. Jewkes,
D. Sawers, and R. Stillerman. Reviewed D. Sawers,»and R. Stillerman. Reviewed
by J. Chamberlain, 7:59 by J. Chamberlain, 7:59
School Nceds in the Decade Ahead. By R. Strength Through Struggle. Quote by L.
Freeman. Reviewed by J. Chamberlain, Read, 7:81
9:60 Sullivan, Lawrence
Schools Without Scholars. By J. Keats. Re- Russia Faces Food Crisis, 6:27
viewed by J. Chamberlain, 10:58 Supreme Court, The. By B. Schwartz. Re-
Schwartz, Bernard . viewed by F. Covey, Jr., 4:64
Supreme Court, The. Reviewed by F.  gypreme Court Challenged, The. By E. Opitz,
Covey, Jr., 4:64 3:64

Self-Reliance. By A. Terrill, 11:20
Sennholz, Hans F,

Executive Salaries, 7:3 T
How Can Europe Survive? quote, 1:66 Tale of Two Nations, A. By S. Rydenfelt,
In Another Recession, 4:5 11:57
Interventionism; quote, 1:66 Terrill, Ann
Regulatory Taxation, 11:3 Common Ownership, American Style, 9:10
Slums and Mansions, 8:22 Educational Trends, 12:22

Sermon. By M. Johnson, 2:12 Self-Reliance, 11:20

Shades of Hammurabi. By R. LeFevre, 2:53

Sheer Joy of Learning, The. By M. Levy, These, Our Gifts. By L. Read, 10:44

5:11 Thorin, Duane

Shelly, Thomas J. Ride to Panmunjom, A. Reviewed by B.
Lesson in Socialism, A, 3: cover . Bien, 8:64
Turgoet, on Unionism, 12:38 Time and Tide

Shirtglceve Economics: A Commonsense Sur- No License for Derek Wiscombe. By “Dio-
vey by W. Paton; quote, 2:66 genes,” 4:39

Shuman, Charles B. To the Moon. By P. Poirot, 2:41

Farm Leader Speaks, A, 1:26 Tools. Quote by W. Curtiss, 5:50


===== PAGE 66 =====

64 THE FREEMAN December

.

Training the Young To Be Capitalists. By F. Walker, Frederick

Harper, 4:16 Early Quakers, The, 6:17
Trembling in the Balance. Quote by J. Bur- Spirit of Humility, The, 3:43
gess, 1:42 Welfare, Freedom and Inflation. By W.
Tripp, Vollie Roepke. Reviewed by J. Chamberlain, 3:60
Death of a Colony, 3:27 What Right To Strike? By A. Lejeune, 11:54
Renaissance in Responsibility, 2:42 What's Bad about Labor Laws? By W. Leck-
When Free Men Speak, 4:41 rone, 10:28
Turgot, on Unionism. By T. Shelly, 12:38 What's in a Name? By R. McCormick, 8:46

Twilight of the Republic? From The Palm When Free Men Speak. By V. Tripp, 4:41
Beach Post-Times, 7:18 Whitehouse, Norman
Two Kinds of Influence. Quote by L. Read, Battle for the Inner Man, The. By E.
aL s to Slavery by J. Rogers: quote Peterson and N. Whitehouse, 7:89
11:66 4 v by J. gers; q ’ Who Sets the Price? By M. Cravens, 7:36
) Who Wants To Pay for a New Airport? By
u F. Cooey, 9:52
Who's Forgotten Now? By G. Clark, 1:14
Uncle John and the Termites. By R. Brad- wy Protection Is Easier To Sell Than Com-

ford, 1:34 J "
. A petition. By R. Hoiles, 8:19
Unlimited Power. Quote by H. Williamson, Why the Government Cannot Control the
65:22 Business Cycle. By A. Reinach, 7:17

Unsatisfied Desires. By J. Morrison, 9:29
Utt, James B.
Debts and Taxes, 10:39

Why Wages Rise. By F. Harper; quote, 8:66
Williams, Roger J.
Profound Differences; quote, 5:10

Vv Williamson, Hugh
Valery, Paul Unlimited Power; quote, 5:22
Freedom of Mind, 1:47 Winder, George

Rebel Farmer; The, 12:25

i 1 . B .
Value Judgments in the Classroom y P Source of Money, The, 9:21

Boarman, 8:8

Van Loon, Hendrik Winkler, Franz E.

World Divided Is a World Lost, A, 6:32 Psychology of Leadership, The, 3:50
Vidor, King Witmer, H. L. (Mrs.)

Do It Yourself, 8:59 Woman's View of Farming, A, 8:42
Voluntary Unionism. By R. Hoiles, 12:44 Woman's View of Farming, A. By H. Witmer

(Mrs.), 8:42
w World Divided Is a World Lost, A By H.

Wage Rates and Jobs. By H. Hazlitt, 4:11 Van Loon, 6:32

Wages, Unemployment, and Inflation. By L. Would You Have Signed It? By R. Bradford,
Mises, 5:16 9:3


===== PAGE 67 =====

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===== PAGE 68 =====

AT CHRISTMASTIME we commemorate not merely the cease-
less cycle of the seasons and the manifold myths of men, but the
eternally returning revolution of the human spirit against the
impotent pretensions of the State. With each winter solstice since
the proud days of Imperial Rome the age-old legend of the na-
tivity reminds us of the endless resurgence of the soul beneath
the burden and the suffering perennially imposed upon mankind
by those who seek to master it by some demented dream of might
and glory, or some empty promise of peace and plenty without
price. We comprehend again the passing and pathetic delusion of
political power, and once more we see that the loftiest aspirations
of empire, built on unbridled ambition or driven by blind desire,
are ever destined to be one with Nineveh and Tyre. By this
ancient symbol of the silent strength of the unnumbered humble
and obscure we may remember always that only truth and faith

endure.
VIRGIL JORDAN