WEBVTT NOTE 12. Maryland 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:05.000 Volume 1, Chapter 12, Maryland. 2 00:00:05.000 --> 00:00:12.000 Virginia, as we have seen, was England's first chartered colony and the first royal colony in America. 3 00:00:12.000 --> 00:00:24.000 The remaining type of English colony was the proprietary, and the first proprietary colony was founded in the early 17th century, just north of the Virginia border. 4 00:00:24.000 --> 00:00:31.640 A proprietary grant was a far more feudalistic device than the chartered company, for a company, 5 00:00:31.640 --> 00:00:37.260 being a joint venture of capitalists, was bent on parceling out land to its shareholders, 6 00:00:37.260 --> 00:00:43.920 on earning rapid profits rather than acting as a long-time or permanent feudal landlord. 7 00:00:43.920 --> 00:00:50.120 But the gift of a huge tract of land to a single proprietor was a more enticing invitation 8 00:00:50.120 --> 00:00:53.680 to feudalism to come to American shores. 9 00:00:53.680 --> 00:01:01.840 The first American proprietary was a grant of land in 1632 by King Charles I to Cecilius 10 00:01:01.840 --> 00:01:08.920 Calvert, the second Lord of Baltimore. The grant was carved out of Virginia territory 11 00:01:08.920 --> 00:01:16.440 and extended from the Potomac River north to the 40th parallel, including, but rather 12 00:01:16.440 --> 00:01:23.240 larger than, the present boundaries of Maryland. The king reserved for himself but one-fifth 13 00:01:23.240 --> 00:01:29.080 of the gold and silver that might be mined each year in the province. Otherwise, Lord 14 00:01:29.080 --> 00:01:35.640 Baltimore was as free to govern in his vast domain as the King was in England. The King 15 00:01:35.640 --> 00:01:41.720 even expressly granted the power to levy any taxes on Maryland, so named in honor of the 16 00:01:41.720 --> 00:01:49.160 English Queen, Henrietta Maria. The charter granted to Lord Baltimore ownership of all 17 00:01:49.160 --> 00:01:56.060 All the land, minerals, rivers and fisheries in the area as well as the right to confer 18 00:01:56.060 --> 00:02:04.360 titles incorporate cities and towns, levy taxes, erect churches and feudal manors, and 19 00:02:04.360 --> 00:02:06.920 constitute courts. 20 00:02:06.920 --> 00:02:13.440 This was a veritable feudal government, a palatinate as existed in Europe, specifically 21 00:02:13.440 --> 00:02:17.760 like the Palatinate of Durham in England. 22 00:02:17.760 --> 00:02:23.520 An important limitation on Calvert's absolute rule, as in the case of the king himself, 23 00:02:23.520 --> 00:02:30.620 was that he could levy taxes only with the consent of an assembly representing the freemen 24 00:02:30.620 --> 00:02:33.880 or landholders of the province. 25 00:02:33.880 --> 00:02:41.120 The first settlement in Maryland was made in 1634 by two small ships, the Ark and the 26 00:02:41.120 --> 00:02:47.680 Dove, carrying about 220 people and landing at St. Mary's, near the mouth of the 27 00:02:47.680 --> 00:02:54.000 of the Potomac River. From the first, Roman Catholicism was a uniquely important issue 28 00:02:54.000 --> 00:03:00.140 in this colony. For Calvert's father, George, the first Lord Baltimore and a leader of the 29 00:03:00.140 --> 00:03:06.880 monarchical party in England, had turned Catholic after receiving a promise of the grant. From 30 00:03:06.880 --> 00:03:12.520 the first, Sicilius wanted to make Maryland a haven from persecution for Catholics in 31 00:03:12.520 --> 00:03:18.400 in England. But, eager to encourage settlement, for without settlers there would be no profit 32 00:03:18.400 --> 00:03:26.060 from his feudal domain, Calvert made no religious test for settling in the colony. As a result, 33 00:03:26.060 --> 00:03:31.680 Protestants outnumbered Catholics among the settlers by nearly ten to one from the beginning, 34 00:03:31.680 --> 00:03:36.800 with the Protestant faith predominating among the poorer classes and Catholicism among 35 00:03:36.800 --> 00:03:42.400 the gentlemen. Both Protestants and Catholics enjoyed full religious liberty and there 36 00:03:42.400 --> 00:03:48.600 There was no established church in the colony. Early relations with the Indians were peaceful, 37 00:03:48.600 --> 00:03:55.600 with the land acquired from them by voluntary purchase rather than by force. This peaceful 38 00:03:55.600 --> 00:04:02.320 coexistence was assured by Calvert's simple expedient of instructing his men to deal fairly 39 00:04:02.320 --> 00:04:09.360 with the Indians. Indeed, the largest wigwam in St. Mary's was, after purchase, consecrated 40 00:04:09.360 --> 00:04:16.120 as a church by the two Jesuit priests of the first expedition. In a few years, however, 41 00:04:16.120 --> 00:04:21.640 Calvert became dissatisfied with the Jesuit missionaries in Maryland and their very extravagant 42 00:04:21.640 --> 00:04:27.840 demands for privileges and took measures to prevent any increased supply of Jesuits to 43 00:04:27.840 --> 00:04:35.840 the colony. The land system, however, in keeping with the vast feudal powers given to Calvert, 44 00:04:35.840 --> 00:04:40.240 was established on the most rigidly feudal lines in America. 45 00:04:40.240 --> 00:04:46.160 Calvert early advertised that every settler who would finance the transport of five other 46 00:04:46.160 --> 00:04:54.680 settlers to the colony would receive a grant as Lord of the Manor of 2,000 acres of land. 47 00:04:54.680 --> 00:05:01.840 Not outright, however, or in fee simple, but as a feudal tenancy with a quit rent of 400 48 00:05:01.840 --> 00:05:15.840 The manor lords, most of them Catholic, in turn rented their land to smaller planters in exchange for rent in produce. 49 00:05:15.840 --> 00:05:26.840 This restrictive method of allocating land or land ownership decidedly hampered the growth of the entire colony during the 17th century. 50 00:05:26.840 --> 00:05:34.440 Furthermore, Calvert gave vast estates as manners to his friends and relatives. 51 00:05:34.440 --> 00:05:40.320 The first governor of the colony was Calvert's brother, Leonard, and Calvert appointed a council 52 00:05:40.320 --> 00:05:42.840 to advise his brother. 53 00:05:42.840 --> 00:05:47.720 While the Calverts tried to keep representative government to a minimum, an assembly soon 54 00:05:47.720 --> 00:05:52.920 developed after persistent pressure from below on the proprietors. 55 00:05:52.920 --> 00:05:58.140 The proprietor and the assembly soon quarreled over the extent of their relative powers, 56 00:05:58.140 --> 00:06:03.300 the proprietor claiming the sole right to initiate legislation, which the assembly could 57 00:06:03.300 --> 00:06:04.900 then reject. 58 00:06:04.900 --> 00:06:09.800 The assembly, with the power to hold up the enactment of laws, refused to consent to any 59 00:06:09.800 --> 00:06:16.000 imposition of a code by Calvert, and thus won the fight to initiate legislation. 60 00:06:16.000 --> 00:06:21.780 At first, all the landowners sat in the assembly, but soon the representative principle was 61 00:06:21.780 --> 00:06:31.780 In 1650 the assembly turned into the familiar two-house type, the council sitting as the upper house and the elected members as the lower. 62 00:06:31.780 --> 00:06:41.780 The governor and the proprietor who appointed the governor had veto power over all legislation and the governor could also dissolve the assembly at will. 63 00:06:41.780 --> 00:06:49.780 However, the assembly assured its continuing existence by refusing to grant taxes for more than a year at a time. 64 00:06:49.780 --> 00:07:09.780 The supreme judicial power, as in Virginia, was vested in the governor and the council, although eventually this provincial court set up subsidiary county courts for minor cases and judges, appointed and removable by the governor, were appointed as higher courts. 65 00:07:09.780 --> 00:07:16.820 We have already alluded to the conflict between Lord Baltimore and William Claiborne, a Virginian 66 00:07:16.820 --> 00:07:22.460 who had established a trading post on Kent Island in Chesapeake Bay. 67 00:07:22.460 --> 00:07:29.820 This quarrel was embittered by Claiborne's virulent anti-Catholicism, which had spurred 68 00:07:29.820 --> 00:07:35.420 him to play a leading role in ousting Calvert from Virginia before the founding of the Maryland 69 00:07:35.420 --> 00:07:37.060 Colony. 70 00:07:37.060 --> 00:07:43.620 With Claiborne refusing to recognize Calvert's overlordship of Kent Island, Calvert moved 71 00:07:43.620 --> 00:07:50.060 to assert his dominion over Claiborne, wielding his land grant as his claim. 72 00:07:50.060 --> 00:07:55.420 The conflict was punctuated by naval battle between the ships of Lord Baltimore and of 73 00:07:55.420 --> 00:07:56.420 Claiborne. 74 00:07:56.420 --> 00:08:02.220 Finally, the king decided the issue by ruling in Lord Baltimore's favor. 75 00:08:02.220 --> 00:08:08.260 In the mid-1640s, as the Puritan Revolution arose in England, Lord Baltimore sided with 76 00:08:08.260 --> 00:08:15.260 the King, and Leonard Calvert received privileges, or letters of mark, from the King to capture 77 00:08:15.260 --> 00:08:18.120 vessels belonging to Parliament. 78 00:08:18.120 --> 00:08:23.220 On the other hand, the Protestant tobacco trader, Captain Richard Engel, a friend of 79 00:08:23.220 --> 00:08:27.360 Claiborne's, received a similar commission from Parliament. 80 00:08:27.360 --> 00:08:31.880 The Governor ordered Engel's arrest for high treason in denouncing the King, whereupon 81 00:08:31.880 --> 00:08:37.680 John Engel escaped and in 1645 mounted a successful attack on Maryland. 82 00:08:37.680 --> 00:08:45.440 Captain Engel took the opportunity, for conscience' sake, to plunder and pillage Papist and Malignance, 83 00:08:45.440 --> 00:08:48.840 seizing property and jailing his enemies. 84 00:08:48.840 --> 00:08:54.120 The venerable father Andrew White, a Jesuit missionary who had arrived on the first ships 85 00:08:54.120 --> 00:08:59.400 to land in Maryland, was sent to England in irons to be tried for treason. 86 00:08:59.400 --> 00:09:02.400 Happily, the old missionary was acquitted. 87 00:09:02.400 --> 00:09:10.400 In the meanwhile, Claiborne took the opportunity to retrieve Kent Island from Maryland's seizure. 88 00:09:10.400 --> 00:09:19.400 Under Engel's attack, Leonard Calvert escaped to Virginia from where Berkeley helped him to recapture Maryland and Kent Island. 89 00:09:19.400 --> 00:09:28.400 Returning to England, Engel almost succeeded in revoking Maryland's charter, but Calvert retained it by taking pains to placate Parliament. 90 00:09:28.400 --> 00:09:40.400 Leonard Calvert, for example, encouraged a group of dissenters exiled from Virginia to settle in Maryland, a little further up the Chesapeake Bay from St. Mary's in what is now Annapolis. 91 00:09:40.400 --> 00:09:48.400 Furthermore, after Leonard Calvert died in 1648, Lord Baltimore appointed the Protestant William Stone as governor. 92 00:09:48.400 --> 00:09:58.400 He required the governor to take an oath not to violate the free exercise of religion by any Christians, specifically including Roman Catholics. 93 00:09:58.400 --> 00:10:09.400 Subsequently, in April 1649, the Maryland Assembly passed the famous Toleration Act, which guaranteed all Christians the free exercise of their religion. 94 00:10:09.400 --> 00:10:17.320 However, tolerance and religious liberty went only so far, and the death penalty was levied 95 00:10:17.320 --> 00:10:23.200 against all non-Christians, including Jews and Unitarians. 96 00:10:23.200 --> 00:10:28.800 Neither did toleration extend to freedom of speech, for any use of such religious epithets 97 00:10:28.800 --> 00:10:33.220 as heretic and popish priest was outlawed. 98 00:10:33.220 --> 00:10:38.840 Also prohibited on the Sabbath were swearing, drinking, unnecessary work and disorderly 99 00:10:38.840 --> 00:10:46.580 Recreation. Actually, the much-vaunted Toleration Act was a retreat from the religious liberty 100 00:10:46.580 --> 00:10:52.200 that had previously prevailed in Catholic rule Maryland and was a compromise with the 101 00:10:52.200 --> 00:10:59.420 growing spirit of Puritan intolerance. Charles II, still in exile, embittered by what he 102 00:10:59.420 --> 00:11:06.580 regarded as acts of treachery by Lord Baltimore, deposed him and appointed instead Sir William 103 00:11:06.580 --> 00:11:13.380 Davenant as royal governor. For Baltimore did visibly adhere to the rebels in England 104 00:11:13.380 --> 00:11:19.860 and admit all kinds of sectaries and schismatics and ill-affected persons into the plantation. 105 00:11:20.820 --> 00:11:26.420 Davenant sailed from France to try to seize Maryland but was himself captured by the English. 106 00:11:27.780 --> 00:11:32.180 Walking the tightrope of religious liberty between the demands of 107 00:11:32.180 --> 00:11:40.420 Parliament and those of the Crown was a difficult feat and in 1651 the rulers of Maryland fell off. 108 00:11:41.300 --> 00:11:48.260 The Catholic Royalist Deputy Governor Thomas Green foolishly decided to recognize Charles II 109 00:11:48.260 --> 00:11:54.100 in the same year as the legitimate ruler of England. This proclamation naturally angered 110 00:11:54.100 --> 00:12:00.340 Parliament and precipitated severe reaction. The following year Parliament sent to the Chesapeake 111 00:12:00.340 --> 00:12:07.700 Colonies commissioners of whom the angry Claiborne was one to subdue the recalcitrance. 112 00:12:07.700 --> 00:12:12.620 After settling matters in Virginia, the commissioners proceeded to Maryland, where they removed 113 00:12:12.620 --> 00:12:16.260 the governor and ousted the proprietary. 114 00:12:16.260 --> 00:12:21.500 Governor Stone was reinstated, but he in turn persisted in trying to reinstate the authority 115 00:12:21.500 --> 00:12:23.340 of the proprietor. 116 00:12:23.340 --> 00:12:28.980 He compounded his difficulties by insisting on imposing an oath of allegiance on Lord 117 00:12:28.980 --> 00:12:30.260 Baltimore. 118 00:12:30.260 --> 00:12:36.920 The oath offended Puritans. Stone then denounced the Puritans and the commissioners as formenters 119 00:12:36.920 --> 00:12:44.180 of sedition. The result was the capture of St. Mary's by the commissioners in 1654 and 120 00:12:44.180 --> 00:12:51.980 their appointment of a Puritan council and of Captain William Fuller as governor. Catholics 121 00:12:51.980 --> 00:12:58.340 were now excluded from voting and from the assembly, and the Toleration Act as well as 122 00:12:58.340 --> 00:13:08.340 The law of 1654 declared that none who professed and exercised the popish religion could be 123 00:13:08.340 --> 00:13:16.420 protected in this province. The law disfranchised not only Catholics but also Anglicans. The 124 00:13:16.420 --> 00:13:21.940 Puritans made it clear that freedom of worship would now be extended only to Protestants 125 00:13:21.940 --> 00:13:26.740 free of either potpourri or prelacy. 126 00:13:26.740 --> 00:13:35.740 Former Governor Stone now raised his insurrectionary army loyal to the proprietary and in 1655 127 00:13:35.740 --> 00:13:40.820 attacked Providence, the principal Puritan settlement in Maryland. 128 00:13:40.820 --> 00:13:45.220 The erstwhile governor was crushed by a force of Puritan planters. 129 00:13:45.220 --> 00:13:51.100 Stone was imprisoned and several of his followers executed, even though they had been promised 130 00:13:51.100 --> 00:13:59.740 Calvert, however, proved extremely agile and managed to convince Cromwell and Parliament 131 00:13:59.740 --> 00:14:05.340 that religious toleration and hence his own rule should be reestablished. 132 00:14:05.340 --> 00:14:12.380 Calvert was permitted to appoint a new governor in 1656 and this governor, Josiah Fendel, 133 00:14:12.380 --> 00:14:18.260 joined with the Puritans in agreeing to establish religious toleration, including toleration 134 00:14:18.260 --> 00:14:20.620 for Catholics. 135 00:14:20.620 --> 00:14:25.960 After the death of Cromwell, Fendel tried to seize the opportunity to liberalize the 136 00:14:25.960 --> 00:14:32.360 colony further by casting off proprietary rule and submitting himself to appointment 137 00:14:32.360 --> 00:14:34.680 by the Maryland Assembly. 138 00:14:34.680 --> 00:14:40.380 The restoration of Charles II, however, ended such hopes for the remainder of the century 139 00:14:40.380 --> 00:14:46.940 and Baltimore moved swiftly to crush this move for independence, appointing Philip Calvert 140 00:14:46.940 --> 00:14:49.220 as governor. 141 00:14:49.220 --> 00:14:54.820 After the restoration, tensions and grievances accumulated in Maryland somewhat as they did 142 00:14:54.820 --> 00:14:56.860 in Virginia. 143 00:14:56.860 --> 00:15:02.180 Falling tobacco prices, the crippling effects of the English Navigation Acts, the raising 144 00:15:02.180 --> 00:15:07.140 of the quit rents, each conduced to this effect. 145 00:15:07.140 --> 00:15:12.580 In Maryland, too, suffrage was restricted to freeholders in 1670. 146 00:15:12.580 --> 00:15:18.460 Furthermore, proprietary rule aggravated the problem of quasi-feudal land holdings. 147 00:15:18.460 --> 00:15:28.460 Moreover, anti-Catholic sentiment grew among the Protestant masses and focused both against the proprietor and against religious toleration. 148 00:15:28.460 --> 00:15:42.460 Another important grievance, the Calverts had tampered with the election to the Burgesses in 1670 and after that, in imitation of Berkeley, suspended elections until 1676. 149 00:15:42.460 --> 00:15:49.260 The ambivalence of religious toleration in Maryland may be seen in its treatment of the Quakers. 150 00:15:49.260 --> 00:15:59.760 Quakers were people who had no priest, declined to swear oaths, and refused determinedly to fight or bear arms. 151 00:15:59.760 --> 00:16:07.260 They were, accordingly, highly unpopular, wherever adoration of the state ran high. 152 00:16:07.260 --> 00:16:16.260 They proclaimed, indeed, that they were governed by God's laws and the light within, and not by man's laws. 153 00:16:16.260 --> 00:16:24.260 In Maryland, the Quakers were steadily persecuted. Forty were publicly whipped within one year. 154 00:16:24.260 --> 00:16:35.260 Finally, the Quakers were branded as rebels and traitors, and in a law of 1659, Maryland ordered their expulsion from the colony. 155 00:16:35.260 --> 00:16:48.260 The law decreed that any of the vagabonds or idle persons known by the name of quakers, who should again enter the province, should be whipped from constable to constable out of it. 156 00:16:48.260 --> 00:16:56.260 The proprietary, however, soon ceased to enforce the law, and before long many quakers were reestablished in the colony. 157 00:16:56.260 --> 00:17:12.260 When the founder of the Quakers, George Fox, visited Maryland in 1672, he welcomed the full religious liberty in the province and rejoiced in the number of public officials who had been converts. 158 00:17:12.260 --> 00:17:20.140 Maryland's economy and social structure developed in a way similar to neighboring Virginia's. 159 00:17:20.140 --> 00:17:26.800 After a brief period of growing subsistence crops of maize, pork and vegetables, the colony 160 00:17:26.800 --> 00:17:29.980 turned to specialization in tobacco. 161 00:17:29.980 --> 00:17:35.300 A large tobacco plantation society and economy, in short, prevailed in the whole Chesapeake 162 00:17:35.300 --> 00:17:38.780 Bay area, Maryland as well as Virginia. 163 00:17:38.780 --> 00:17:43.660 The plantations were located in the fertile river plains of the coastal tidewater region 164 00:17:43.660 --> 00:17:50.580 and trade was oriented to London and Bristol. Again, quasi-feudal land allocation led to 165 00:17:50.580 --> 00:17:57.060 large plantations, although small up-country farms growing subsistence crops and tobacco 166 00:17:57.060 --> 00:18:02.800 were more numerous but not dominant in the colony. Once more, the land was extensively 167 00:18:02.800 --> 00:18:08.220 settled and thinly populated. The labor base for the plantations was indentured service 168 00:18:08.220 --> 00:18:14.400 and Negro Slavery. Perhaps the major economic and social difference between Maryland and 169 00:18:14.400 --> 00:18:21.020 Virginia was Maryland's far more feudal structure. The land was kept in a hierarchy of overlord 170 00:18:21.020 --> 00:18:27.000 ships and tenancies with the calvarts owning all the land and collecting quid rent from 171 00:18:27.000 --> 00:18:32.780 all the landholders, while the manor lords of the vast estates given to them by the overlords 172 00:18:32.780 --> 00:18:38.980 leased the land to small planters. The small yeoman farmers of the back country could not 173 00:18:38.980 --> 00:18:45.180 therefore gain their land outright, but could only stay as tenants, paying rents to the 174 00:18:45.180 --> 00:18:52.180 proprietary overlord. Large stretches of tidewater land were held by a few large planters. Although 175 00:18:52.860 --> 00:18:58.340 beginning as a rigidly feudal structure, even the Maryland land system could not survive 176 00:18:58.340 --> 00:19:04.860 the Liberating Conditions of America, in particular, the enormous abundance of new land and the 177 00:19:04.860 --> 00:19:11.300 need to stimulate settlement upon it. By the late 17th century, the land was being increasingly 178 00:19:11.300 --> 00:19:17.020 transferred to the settlers. Through purchases, the feudal land structure was dissolved into 179 00:19:17.020 --> 00:19:24.020 its component parts, and ownership progressively devolved upon the actual users of the land. 180 00:19:24.020 --> 00:19:29.020 Feudal land holdings, in short, began to dissolve into the market economy. 181 00:19:29.020 --> 00:19:34.020 One of the most important single manifestations of feudal land holdings, 182 00:19:34.020 --> 00:19:38.020 especially in a proprietary colony, was the quit rent, 183 00:19:38.020 --> 00:19:42.020 exacted from all landowners as tenants of the proprietary. 184 00:19:42.020 --> 00:19:49.020 Originally, Cecilia's Calvert had fixed a quit rent of 10 pounds of wheat for each 50 acres, 185 00:19:49.020 --> 00:20:12.020 In 1648, Calvert attempted a drastic increase in quit rents ranging now from 1 shilling per 50 acres up to 20 shillings per 50 acres, or 10 pounds per manor of 2,000 acres after term of years. 186 00:20:12.020 --> 00:20:30.020 Pressure of the settlers and the need to encourage settlement forced abandonment of this plan and the Maryland Assembly felt the need in 1654 to pass a law upholding the rights in the land of the settlers as well as of the proprietary. 187 00:20:30.020 --> 00:20:42.020 After the restoration in England, the cocky Lord Baltimore doubled the quit rent to four shillings per 100 acres, which began to be enforced in 1669. 188 00:20:42.020 --> 00:20:55.020 In addition, in an attempt to block the quiet dissolution into the market of feudal tenure, the proprietors imposed in 1660 a fine on any alienation of landed property. 189 00:20:55.020 --> 00:21:01.380 Happily, the fine was never thoroughly enforced. The proprietors also imposed on the settlers 190 00:21:01.380 --> 00:21:06.900 a purchase price, known as caution money, which considerably restricted the growth of 191 00:21:06.900 --> 00:21:13.900 the colony. First levied in 1683 at 200 pounds of tobacco per 100 acres, the purchase price 192 00:21:15.060 --> 00:21:22.060 was increased the next year to 240 pounds and by 1717 had reached the sum of 40 shillings 193 00:21:22.060 --> 00:21:24.980 3 shillings per 100 acres. 194 00:21:24.980 --> 00:21:31.580 As in Virginia, the chief money was tobacco, and so quit rents were paid in that commodity. 195 00:21:31.580 --> 00:21:37.060 As the price of tobacco fell drastically, the assembly began to fix the exchange rate 196 00:21:37.060 --> 00:21:41.840 in order to try to keep the tobacco prices above the market rate. 197 00:21:41.840 --> 00:21:48.920 Such minimum price control could only create unsold surpluses of tobacco and aggravate conditions 198 00:21:48.920 --> 00:22:18.920 for many tobacco planters as well as for tobacco consumers. However, an incidental boom was to relieve the burden of quit rents on the inhabitants. Thus, in 1662 and again in 1671, the assembly fixed the tobacco price at two pence per pound, while the market price was a penny a pound, thus reducing the quit rent burden by letting it be paid in arbitrarily overvalued tobacco. The quit rents, furthermore, 199 00:22:18.920 --> 00:22:25.520 were enforced by forfeit of land for non-payment and by making every debt due to Lord Baltimore 200 00:22:25.520 --> 00:22:31.600 a prior lien on the land. Where there were no goods to seize, the delinquent tenant was 201 00:22:31.600 --> 00:22:38.120 imprisoned. The relative growth of Maryland may be gauged by comparing its population 202 00:22:38.120 --> 00:22:45.120 with Virginia's, less than 600 as compared with Virginia's more than 10,000 in 1640. 203 00:22:45.120 --> 00:22:57.520 in 1640. Maryland's population rose to 4,500 in 1650, 8,400 in 1660, and almost 18,000 204 00:22:57.520 --> 00:23:06.520 in 1680, compared with Virginia's 44,000. The Negro, almost all slave, population of 205 00:23:06.520 --> 00:23:14.260 Maryland was proportionately greater in 1680, over 1,200 compared with Virginia's 2,000, 206 00:23:14.260 --> 00:23:20.060 But then fell behind because of an enormous spurt in Virginia's slave population. 207 00:23:20.060 --> 00:23:28.100 By 1700, there were 3,200 slaves in Maryland, while over 16,000 in Virginia. 208 00:23:28.100 --> 00:23:38.660 Slave revolts broke out in Maryland in the early 1680s, in 1688, 1705, 1738, and 1739. 209 00:23:38.660 --> 00:23:44.580 The Negro slave in Maryland had the distinction of staging perhaps the first demonstration 210 00:23:44.580 --> 00:23:48.300 of nonviolent resistance in America. 211 00:23:48.300 --> 00:23:56.740 In 1656, Tony, a slave of one Simon Oversey, ran away and was captured with the aid of 212 00:23:56.740 --> 00:23:58.380 bloodhounds. 213 00:23:58.380 --> 00:24:04.160 When he ran away and was captured a second time, Tony sat down and refused to rise and 214 00:24:04.160 --> 00:24:06.460 work as a slave. 215 00:24:06.460 --> 00:24:13.780 Mr. Overzee bound and beat him repeatedly, but Tony still refused to act as a slave. 216 00:24:13.780 --> 00:24:20.700 Enraged because his property was refusing to function as property, Overzee poured hot 217 00:24:20.700 --> 00:24:24.300 lard over Tony and killed him. 218 00:24:24.300 --> 00:24:31.100 A court acquitted Oversea of the murder because, after all, Tony had proved to be incorrigible.