WEBVTT NOTE 15. The Glorious Revolution and its Aftermath 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:07.500 Volume 1, Chapter 15, The Glorious Revolution and Its Aftermath 2 00:00:07.500 --> 00:00:22.000 Maryland. 1688 was the year of the Glorious Revolution in England, the year when Great Britain experienced the last of its great political upheavals of the turbulent 17th century. 3 00:00:22.000 --> 00:00:34.000 The Stuart King, the Catholic James II, was deposed in that year, and the monarchy secured to the impeccably Protestant William and Mary of Orange. 4 00:00:34.000 --> 00:00:47.000 This year of upheaval signaled the troubled and oppressed colonies to seize the opportunity of Britain's distraction at home to try to secure their own freedom. 5 00:00:47.000 --> 00:01:04.000 By ironic coincidence, Lord Baltimore sent William Joseph as deputy governor to run the Maryland colony in late 1688, and Joseph opened the assembly only nine days after James II had been deposed by William and Mary. 6 00:01:04.000 --> 00:01:19.000 In his opening address, delivered considerably before news of the Glorious Revolution reached America, Joseph proved himself to be an extreme advocate of divine and feudal right to rule. 7 00:01:19.000 --> 00:01:36.000 He declared the power by which we are assembled here is undoubtedly derived from God, to the King, and from the King to His Excellency, the Lord Proprietary, and from His said Lordship to us. 8 00:01:36.000 --> 00:01:45.000 When news came of the change of regimes in England, people angrily remembered that Joseph Had, in the fall of 1688, 9 00:01:45.000 --> 00:01:52.200 1988, insisted on the colonies giving thanks for the birth of a Catholic heir to the throne. 10 00:01:52.200 --> 00:01:58.000 Agitation also rose in the colony because Lord Baltimore's courier, coming to order 11 00:01:58.000 --> 00:02:03.920 the colony to proclaim allegiance to William and Mary, died en route and left Maryland 12 00:02:03.920 --> 00:02:12.660 in unresolved ferment. All the latent anti-Catholicism of the Protestant masses in the colony rose 13 00:02:12.660 --> 00:02:19.140 goes to the surface, aided by the fact that the proprietor was Catholic and the privileged 14 00:02:19.140 --> 00:02:27.260 oligarchy in Maryland largely so. The appointed council, for example, had a Catholic majority. 15 00:02:27.260 --> 00:02:33.820 Was a Catholic plot underway? Would the proprietary refuse to acknowledge William and Mary and 16 00:02:33.820 --> 00:02:41.140 join James II in his plans for war against his successor? James soon landed in Ireland 17 00:02:41.140 --> 00:02:47.700 with French Troops, and the colonist well remembered that James' proconsul in Ireland 18 00:02:47.700 --> 00:02:55.700 was Richard Talbot, Duke of Tyrconnell, a relative and close friend of Lord Baltimore. 19 00:02:55.700 --> 00:03:01.220 Rumors swept all the American colonies, not only Maryland. The French colonies were about 20 00:03:01.220 --> 00:03:07.020 to march on the English colonies in alliance with James. Catholic subversives were planning 21 00:03:07.020 --> 00:03:14.060 to help them, and Catholics and Indians were conspiring together to massacre Protestants. 22 00:03:14.060 --> 00:03:19.340 It is understandable that the agitation would be most severe in Maryland, where the proprietor 23 00:03:19.340 --> 00:03:28.340 was Catholic and the bulk of the people Protestant. In April 1689 there was formed an Association 24 00:03:28.340 --> 00:03:33.180 in Arms for the Defense of the Protestant Religion and for Asserting the Right of King 25 00:03:33.180 --> 00:03:39.540 King William and Queen Mary to the province of Maryland and all the English dominions. 26 00:03:39.540 --> 00:03:44.620 Leading the association was John Coode, the old revolutionary who had been freed for his 27 00:03:44.620 --> 00:03:52.580 part in the Fendel revolt of 1681. Coode had married a daughter of his old confrere, Thomas 28 00:03:52.580 --> 00:04:00.420 Gerard. Other leaders included many eminent men in the colony. Nehemiah Blackiston, collector 29 00:04:00.420 --> 00:04:06.780 Speaker of the Customs, another son-in-law of Gerard, Canum Cheseldine, Speaker of the 30 00:04:06.780 --> 00:04:12.700 House of Burgesses, and Colonel Henry Fowles of the Militia. When rumors spread that the 31 00:04:12.700 --> 00:04:18.500 Catholics were arming themselves in the State House at St. Mary's, Coode, at the head of 32 00:04:18.500 --> 00:04:25.500 several hundred armed men, marched on the Capitol. On August 1, Joseph and the Council 33 00:04:25.500 --> 00:04:37.500 Cood and the assembly petitioned William and Mary to end the proprietary regime and finally in 1691 the new king agreed. 34 00:04:37.500 --> 00:04:46.500 Cood and his followers engaged in violent anti-Catholic propaganda in the course of their revolutionary agitation. 35 00:04:46.500 --> 00:04:53.740 However, Coode's close association with Catholics and his ancient opposition to the proprietary 36 00:04:53.740 --> 00:05:00.860 lead to the conclusion that, at least on Coode's part, the anti-Catholic agitation was but 37 00:05:00.860 --> 00:05:06.720 a convenient point d'appui for his aim of ridding Maryland of the tyrannical and feudal 38 00:05:06.720 --> 00:05:08.900 proprietary. 39 00:05:08.900 --> 00:05:14.940 In Coode's own history of the rebellion, he stressed the injustice and tyranny under 40 00:05:14.940 --> 00:05:22.460 which we groan, the absolute authority exercised over us in the seizure of their persons, forfeiture 41 00:05:22.460 --> 00:05:30.340 and loss of their goods. While the coup rebellion succeeded in overturning the proprietary, the 42 00:05:30.340 --> 00:05:37.540 success was only temporary. Aside from the fact that the structure of land tenure remained 43 00:05:37.540 --> 00:05:44.180 the same, the proprietor was only displaced for a short period of years. When the third 44 00:05:44.180 --> 00:05:51.020 After Lord Baltimore died in 1715, the Crown granted the proprietorship once again to the 45 00:05:51.020 --> 00:05:56.900 Baltimore family, which had converted from Catholic to Protestant. 46 00:05:56.900 --> 00:06:01.900 In the meanwhile, the Crown continued to turn over part of the collected quit rents to the 47 00:06:01.900 --> 00:06:04.340 proprietary. 48 00:06:04.340 --> 00:06:11.220 What did change was the religious complexion of the government and society in Maryland. 49 00:06:11.220 --> 00:06:17.540 The old tradition of religious toleration in Maryland was abandoned. Taxes immediately 50 00:06:17.540 --> 00:06:25.380 began to be levied in 1692 for the establishment of the Anglican Church, and any further immigration 51 00:06:25.380 --> 00:06:32.620 of Catholics into the colony was prohibited under severe penalties. Furthermore, the public 52 00:06:32.620 --> 00:06:39.340 celebration of the mass was outlawed. The capital city was summarily shifted from St. 53 00:06:39.340 --> 00:06:45.740 St. Mary's, the center of Catholicism in the colony, to Protestant Providence, now renamed 54 00:06:45.740 --> 00:06:53.180 Annapolis. So much was St. Mary's strictly a governmental city that it now rapidly diminished 55 00:06:53.180 --> 00:07:01.140 to the virtual status of a ghost town. Only a small minority of the colony were Anglicans. 56 00:07:01.140 --> 00:07:06.780 The Puritans, leaders in the rebellion against the proprietary, were naturally chagrined 57 00:07:06.780 --> 00:07:24.740 This limited toleration was established despite the strenuous efforts of the head of the Anglican 58 00:07:24.740 --> 00:07:32.660 Church in Maryland, Dr. Thomas Bray. Bray had persuaded the Assembly to pass a bill outlawing 59 00:07:32.660 --> 00:07:38.980 all forms of worship but the Anglican form in the colony, but fortunately this extreme 60 00:07:38.980 --> 00:07:45.500 provision was disallowed by the Crown. Also irritating was the fact that the Anglican 61 00:07:45.500 --> 00:07:52.840 ministers were paid by a new poll tax, which was most heavy on the poor. The spirit of 62 00:07:52.840 --> 00:07:59.900 Crown toleration, however, did not spread to the Catholics, against whom William pursued 63 00:07:59.900 --> 00:08:08.140 The Spirit of the Government of the time may be seen from a 1704 incident in which two 64 00:08:08.140 --> 00:08:15.700 Catholic priests were arrested for saying Mass. They were refused the benefit of counsel. 65 00:08:15.700 --> 00:08:21.060 The Chapel of St. Mary's, venerated by Catholics as the first church in Maryland, was closed 66 00:08:21.060 --> 00:08:27.300 down as scandalous and offensive to the government, and Governor John Seymour delivered to the 67 00:08:27.300 --> 00:08:57.300 It is the unhappy temper of you and all your tribe to grow insolent upon civility and never know how to use it. If the necessary laws that are made were let loose, they are sufficient to crush you, and which, if your arrogant principles have not blinded you, you must need to dread. You might, methinks, be content to live quietly as you may, and let the exercise of your superstitious vanities be confined to your mind. 68 00:09:27.300 --> 00:09:51.300 The House of Delegates was so pleased by this tirade that they formally commended the Governor for protecting Her Majesty's Protestant subjects here against the insolence and growth of potpourri. 69 00:09:51.300 --> 00:09:56.300 Anti-Catholic hysteria surged through England and the colonies. 70 00:09:56.300 --> 00:10:26.300 The Crackdown on Catholics was pursued zealously in Maryland. No Catholic was permitted to buy real estate or to practice as a lawyer. Loyalty oaths were to be forced upon all Catholics and any who refused would be incapable of inheriting land or holding land. 71 00:10:26.300 --> 00:10:33.260 Office. The oaths were deliberately worded in such a way that no conscientious Catholic 72 00:10:33.260 --> 00:10:40.220 could swear to them. The test oath, as required by an Act of 1699, compelled the oath taker 73 00:10:40.220 --> 00:10:49.500 to swear, I do believe that in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper there is not any transubstantiation, 74 00:10:49.500 --> 00:10:55.900 and that the invocation or adoration of the Virgin Mary or any other saints and the sacrifice 75 00:10:55.900 --> 00:11:02.900 The voice of the Mass, as they are now used in the Church of Rome, are superstitious and idolatrous. 76 00:11:02.900 --> 00:11:13.900 If a Catholic widow had married a Protestant, her children could be forcibly seized by the State and placed under Protestant guardians. 77 00:11:13.900 --> 00:11:20.900 Catholics were also assessed at rates for emergency tax levies double those of everyone else. 78 00:11:20.900 --> 00:11:26.940 The special duty was also levied on all Irish papist servants coming into the colony. The 79 00:11:26.940 --> 00:11:34.340 duty was doubled in 1717. Catholic priests were in 1698 even prevented by proclamation 80 00:11:34.340 --> 00:11:39.180 of the governor, as urged by the House of Delegates, from visiting the sick and dying 81 00:11:39.180 --> 00:11:45.980 during a plague. The proclamation ranted, several popish priests and zealous papists 82 00:11:45.980 --> 00:11:52.660 make it their constant business, under pretence of visiting the sick, to seduce, delude and 83 00:11:52.660 --> 00:11:59.780 persuade divers of His Majesty's good Protestant subjects to the Romish faith, by which means 84 00:11:59.780 --> 00:12:06.100 sundry have been withdrawn from the Protestant religion, by law established, and from the 85 00:12:06.100 --> 00:12:12.040 due and natural obedience they owe to His said majesty and laws, whereby the party, 86 00:12:12.040 --> 00:12:18.460 So reconciled and withdrawn, as well as their procurers and counselors, have justly incurred 87 00:12:18.460 --> 00:12:23.380 the penalty and forfeitures of high treason. 88 00:12:23.380 --> 00:12:28.840 Not only were the priests and their possible dying converts subject to severe penalty, 89 00:12:28.840 --> 00:12:34.360 but also anyone who knew of such offenses and did not inform the authorities. 90 00:12:34.360 --> 00:12:41.400 In 1704, a truly comprehensive act was passed for the persecution of Catholics. 91 00:12:41.400 --> 00:13:11.400 A reward of £100 was offered to any informer giving evidence against a priest saying mass, and the penalty for convicted priest was life imprisonment. It was life imprisonment, as well, for any Catholic found guilty of running a school or educating a child. Children were encouraged to inform on their parents to the end that the Protestants would be sent to prison. 92 00:13:11.400 --> 00:13:17.160 Protestant children of Popish parents may not want a fitting maintenance, be it enacted 93 00:13:17.160 --> 00:13:23.320 that if any such parent, in order to the compelling such Protestant child to change religion, 94 00:13:23.320 --> 00:13:28.360 shall refuse to allow such child a fitting maintenance suitable to the decree and ability 95 00:13:28.360 --> 00:13:35.760 of such parent, then upon complaint thereof, it shall be lawful to make such order. 96 00:13:35.760 --> 00:13:43.480 Fortunately, however, Queen Anne, less intolerant than her Anglican minions in Maryland, decided 97 00:13:43.480 --> 00:13:48.920 to allow private family practice of the Catholic religion. 98 00:13:48.920 --> 00:13:55.760 As a result, Catholic services remained partially underground by being held in family chapels 99 00:13:55.760 --> 00:14:02.480 on planters' estates with other Catholic families of the area invited as guests. 100 00:14:02.480 --> 00:14:08.280 Benedict Calvert, the fourth Lord Baltimore, had taken the precaution of converting to 101 00:14:08.280 --> 00:14:16.040 the Protestant faith. And so, when his father and he both died in 1715, the Calverts were 102 00:14:16.040 --> 00:14:23.680 handed back the proprietary title, which now went to Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore. 103 00:14:23.680 --> 00:14:30.240 The resumption of the now Protestant proprietary by no means slackened the pace of persecution. 104 00:14:30.240 --> 00:14:34.640 The Anglicans were worried about continuing conversions from their faith and Governor 105 00:14:34.640 --> 00:14:41.020 John Hart ordered the surveillance of Catholic priests. Any suspected of visiting the homes 106 00:14:41.020 --> 00:14:47.520 of dying persons were forced to take the test oath. Refusal to swear to the test oath meant 107 00:14:47.520 --> 00:14:54.520 imprisonment. In 1716 a law decreed that any office holder caught in any popish assembly 108 00:14:54.520 --> 00:15:19.040 One amusing by-product of the anti-Catholic hysteria among the Maryland Anglicans was 109 00:15:19.040 --> 00:15:24.920 It was the apparent existence of a plot by Governor Hart and some leading Anglican clergymen 110 00:15:24.920 --> 00:15:31.600 to spread the rumor that young Lord Baltimore and his guardian, Lord Guilford, were secret 111 00:15:31.600 --> 00:15:37.160 Catholics. They thereby hoped to persuade the Crown to turn the proprietary over to 112 00:15:37.160 --> 00:15:43.160 Hart himself. The man who reported the plot to the Bishop of London was himself a leading 113 00:15:43.160 --> 00:15:48.920 Anglican minister in the colony, the Reverend Jacob Henderson. Henderson, in turn, was accused 114 00:15:48.920 --> 00:16:18.920 The Oppressive Poll Tax for support of the newly established Anglican Church was made payable in a fixed rate in tobacco, which was then the medium of exchange in Maryland. Gresham's law operated here as in currency, and since the law did not specify the quality of tobacco, payment was always made in the very poorest and most vulnerable areas. 115 00:16:18.920 --> 00:16:33.920 The North Carolinians, inspired by the Glorious Revolution, seized the opportunity to rid themselves, once and for all, of the tyranny of Seth Southal, an uprising in 1689, led by Thomas Southal, the first of its kind in the world. 116 00:16:33.920 --> 00:16:40.760 The North Carolinians, inspired by the Glorious Revolution, seized the opportunity to rid 117 00:16:40.760 --> 00:16:48.720 themselves once and for all of the tyranny of Seth Sothel. An uprising in 1689 led by 118 00:16:48.720 --> 00:16:55.360 Thomas Pollock and other leading colonists resulted in the arrest of Sothel and his banishment 119 00:16:55.360 --> 00:17:02.660 from the province for a year. Sothel was removed permanently from the governorship. He then 120 00:17:02.660 --> 00:17:27.440 Ludwig von Mises, Murray Rothbard, Friedrich Hayek, Eugen von Boehm-Bawerk, 121 00:17:27.440 --> 00:17:42.440 Captain John Gibbs, who had apparently been chosen by the Council as governor to succeed Southall, tried to maintain the revolutionary impetus and in 1690 launched an armed rebellion against Ludwell. 122 00:17:42.440 --> 00:17:49.440 But the conciliatory policy had done its work and Gibbs's rebellion lacked popular support. 123 00:17:49.440 --> 00:17:53.440 Gibbs and his band were defeated and fled to Virginia. 124 00:17:53.440 --> 00:17:59.440 Gibbs and Ludwell both went to London to put their cases before the proprietary and Gibbs, 125 00:17:59.440 --> 00:18:03.440 as might have been expected, was repudiated. 126 00:18:03.440 --> 00:18:11.440 Though growing rapidly, South Carolina had a population of something over 3,100 in 1690, 127 00:18:11.440 --> 00:18:15.440 still by far the smallest of the southern colonies. 128 00:18:15.440 --> 00:18:32.440 This colony, too, was wracked by strife and accumulated grievances, like its fellow colony, Albemarle. Charleston Colony suffered from the crippling restrictions on its tobacco and inter-coastal trade inflicted by the Navigation Acts. 129 00:18:32.440 --> 00:18:48.440 It also bitterly resisted repeated attempts by the proprietors, if anything more determined than in Albemarle, for less settler resistance was expected farther south, to impose Shaftbury's grandiose feudal proposals on the colony. 130 00:18:48.440 --> 00:18:58.440 In addition, South Carolina suffered from the demand that quit rents be paid at the far higher rate in coin instead of in commodities. 131 00:18:58.440 --> 00:19:05.640 In 1682, the proprietary suddenly decreed that all quit rents must be paid in English money, 132 00:19:05.640 --> 00:19:11.600 thus eliminating the option to pay in commodities, and it tightened enforcement of the levy. 133 00:19:11.600 --> 00:19:17.840 The aroused assembly protested that the people had been extremely hard dealt with, but the 134 00:19:17.840 --> 00:19:23.320 proprietors retorted that their regulations had been designed to counteract those who 135 00:19:23.320 --> 00:19:30.520 instilled fancies into the heads of the people in order to avoid payment of quit-trends. 136 00:19:30.520 --> 00:19:36.840 Further problems were caused by the practice of kidnapping Indians to use for slaves and 137 00:19:36.840 --> 00:19:43.600 thus make economically viable the tobacco plantations, a procedure that naturally stimulated 138 00:19:43.600 --> 00:19:50.040 retaliatory attacks by the Indians. Conflicts unique to this colony arose from the unwillingness 139 00:19:50.040 --> 00:19:56.640 of the English settlers to allow the substantial number of new Huguenot immigrants to vote, 140 00:19:56.640 --> 00:20:02.160 and from a fear of a Spanish invasion into what the Spaniards regarded as their imperial 141 00:20:02.160 --> 00:20:08.760 territory. The Huguenots were French Protestant refugees from the revocation of the Edict 142 00:20:08.760 --> 00:20:17.760 of Nantes in 1685. James Colleton, a brother of one of the proprietors and given 48,000 143 00:20:17.760 --> 00:20:34.760 Carl Menger, a man of 1,000 acres in the colony, arrived in South Carolina to become governor in 1687. He immediately alienated the colonists by preventing them from sailing on an expedition of war against the Spanish headquarters at St. Augustine, Florida. 144 00:20:34.760 --> 00:20:45.760 Colleton came to the county determined to impose his will and particularly to stop the widespread evasion of the hated navigation laws and quit rents. 145 00:20:45.760 --> 00:20:53.760 He insisted on enforcing these edicts to the Hilt and even on attempting to collect arrears of quit rents. 146 00:20:53.760 --> 00:20:59.760 Particularly bitter for the colonists was Colleton's expulsion, upon arriving at the colony, 147 00:20:59.760 --> 00:21:28.120 This tyrannical act further fanned the flames of incipient rebellion, spurred by the fact 148 00:21:28.120 --> 00:21:34.060 that the South Carolinian laws had to be renewed every two years to remain in effect and that 149 00:21:34.060 --> 00:21:41.400 a biennial term was now expiring. The final straw occurred in the spring of 1690 when 150 00:21:41.400 --> 00:21:48.560 Colleton imposed the despotism of martial law upon the colony. This embraced such actions 151 00:21:48.560 --> 00:21:54.920 as imposing a very heavy fine on a minister for delivering a sermon displeasing to the 152 00:21:54.920 --> 00:22:00.760 of Government. In addition, Colleton used his powers of martial law to grant himself 153 00:22:00.760 --> 00:22:07.980 a privileged monopoly of trade with the Indians. Revolution, as we have pointed out, is a time 154 00:22:07.980 --> 00:22:14.380 of rapid change, and this often means sharp changes in a person's values and his views 155 00:22:14.380 --> 00:22:21.160 of institutions. Seth Sothel, the former governor of North Carolina, who was deposed the year 156 00:22:21.160 --> 00:22:27.680 Salerno, before, had arrived in South Carolina to see a similar revolutionary process brewing 157 00:22:27.680 --> 00:22:31.740 against the tyranny of the governor in Charleston. 158 00:22:31.740 --> 00:22:34.880 Salerno had apparently learned his lesson. 159 00:22:34.880 --> 00:22:41.520 His views changed, and he became the leader of the people's opposition to Colleton. 160 00:22:41.520 --> 00:22:48.840 When Colleton inflicted the final act of repression in imposing martial law, Salerno led a revolutionary 161 00:22:48.840 --> 00:22:52.180 Coup Against the Governor. 162 00:22:52.180 --> 00:22:58.120 Declaring himself governor, Sotho reconvened the suppressed assembly and banished Colleton 163 00:22:58.120 --> 00:22:59.680 from the colony. 164 00:22:59.680 --> 00:23:07.360 Sotho's action was ignited by a petition signed by over 400 of the leading citizens. 165 00:23:07.360 --> 00:23:13.200 The petition detailed the grievances of the people of the colony, including the attempts 166 00:23:13.200 --> 00:23:19.440 attempts to impose several variants of proposals found in Locke's fundamental constitutions, 167 00:23:19.440 --> 00:23:26.440 the imposition of martial law, the governor's monopolization of the Indian trade, arbitrary 168 00:23:26.440 --> 00:23:33.400 arrest, expulsion for any excess of freedom of speech, even by a counselor, and attempts 169 00:23:33.400 --> 00:23:36.720 to enforce higher quit rents. 170 00:23:36.720 --> 00:23:41.020 Saltho was allowed to continue his rule for only one year. 171 00:23:41.020 --> 00:23:47.420 In the fall of 1691 the proprietors ousted Sotho from office and charged him with high 172 00:23:47.420 --> 00:23:54.260 treason. Although Sotho was a one-eighth proprietor of the colony, it was also true 173 00:23:54.260 --> 00:24:00.220 that he had organized a revolution against the authority appointed by the proprietary 174 00:24:00.220 --> 00:24:06.460 as a whole. Sotho fled back to Albemarle, where his term of banishment was over and 175 00:24:06.460 --> 00:24:12.820 and where he soon died in poverty and obscurity. Especially notable in Sothol's brief term 176 00:24:12.820 --> 00:24:19.700 in office was his stimulating the assembly to pass significantly liberalizing laws. In 177 00:24:19.700 --> 00:24:26.620 particular, the French, Swiss and other non-English immigrants were granted rights equal to those 178 00:24:26.620 --> 00:24:33.980 of the English settlers and severe punishment was decreed for anyone who killed a slave. 179 00:24:33.980 --> 00:24:40.500 Other new laws, on the other hand, were repressive, requiring licenses of all retailers of liquor, 180 00:24:40.500 --> 00:24:45.180 regulating ships, pilots, and regulating the Indian trade. 181 00:24:45.180 --> 00:24:54.060 The proprietors on removing Southall unfortunately also nullified the laws of his administration. 182 00:24:54.060 --> 00:24:59.900 The ultimate failure of the revolution did not, of course, end the grievances underlying 183 00:24:59.900 --> 00:25:03.100 the unrest in the Carolinas. 184 00:25:03.100 --> 00:25:08.120 Grudgingly the proprietary finally issued a general amnesty. 185 00:25:08.120 --> 00:25:14.520 For a while the proprietary tried the unsuccessful experiment of uniting the two Carolinas, appointing 186 00:25:14.520 --> 00:25:18.400 Philip Ludwell as governor of both colonies. 187 00:25:18.400 --> 00:25:24.580 The proprietors tried to force the North Carolinian colonists to send their representatives to 188 00:25:24.580 --> 00:25:27.500 the distant Charleston assembly. 189 00:25:27.500 --> 00:25:33.260 This plan was quickly abandoned and each of the Carolinas was governed by a deputy governor 190 00:25:33.260 --> 00:25:39.980 of its own with the main governor stationed in South Carolina. Each colony also retained 191 00:25:39.980 --> 00:25:46.300 its own assembly and therefore essentially its own separate government. As in other liberalizing 192 00:25:46.300 --> 00:25:52.180 moves the proprietors promised to abandon their attempts to impose the dicta contained 193 00:25:52.180 --> 00:25:56.720 and in the Shaftesbury Lock Fundamental Constitutions. 194 00:25:56.720 --> 00:26:01.880 It was now acknowledged that the Carolinas were to be governed by the original charter. 195 00:26:01.880 --> 00:26:07.660 In addition, the proprietary removed all obstacles to freedom of trade with the Indians. 196 00:26:07.660 --> 00:26:15.260 It also vetoed an act of the Ludwell administration that harassed the rural Huguenots by requiring 197 00:26:15.260 --> 00:26:21.420 a uniform hour for all Sunday church services in the colony. 198 00:26:21.420 --> 00:26:51.420 John Archdale, an English Quaker, who had become one of the eight proprietors by purchasing the share of Sir John Berkley, became Governor of the Carolinas in 1695. He assumed office with the intent of allaying the grievances of the colonies. His term lasted for only one year, but that year saw a significant increase in the share of the colonies. 199 00:26:51.420 --> 00:27:00.420 In the South, peace was made with the Indians. In particular, the practice of whites kidnapping and enslaving the natives was ended. 200 00:27:00.420 --> 00:27:09.420 Furthermore, the quit-rent burden was significantly lightened, including cessation of the attempt to collect the arrears. 201 00:27:09.420 --> 00:27:14.500 including cessation of the attempt to collect the arrears. 202 00:27:14.500 --> 00:27:20.220 From the 1690s on, the main grievance concerning the quit rent had been the threat hanging 203 00:27:20.220 --> 00:27:25.500 over the colonists from the huge arrears of uncollected claims. 204 00:27:25.500 --> 00:27:31.300 Also, quit rents were made payable in commodities as well as in money. 205 00:27:31.300 --> 00:27:37.140 From that point on, the quit rent of one penny per acre was scarcely enforced in the proprietary 206 00:27:37.140 --> 00:27:43.140 Colony, and the expected revenue accruing to the proprietary dwindled to a negligible 207 00:27:43.140 --> 00:27:49.860 sum, not nearly enough to pay the expenses of the local officials. Furthermore, Archdale 208 00:27:49.860 --> 00:27:55.500 reshuffled the South Carolina Council to give the dissenters the majority, and also decreed 209 00:27:55.500 --> 00:28:00.620 that with rare exceptions the proprietors could not unknow laws without the assembly's 210 00:28:00.620 --> 00:28:14.620 The liberal reforms continued the following year, during the administration of Archdale's successor, the dissenter Joseph Blake, also a one-eighth proprietor. 211 00:28:14.620 --> 00:28:31.620 Blake's Act of 1697 admitted into full civil rights the important Huguenot population of South Carolina as well as other aliens and guaranteed religious liberty to all Christians except Catholics. 212 00:28:31.620 --> 00:28:39.620 This was an important reform in a colony where the large majority of people were dissenters of one hue or another from the Church of England. 213 00:28:39.620 --> 00:28:47.620 Not until 1704, however, were the alien-born permitted to vote in South Carolina. 214 00:28:47.620 --> 00:28:53.620 The Archdale and Blake reforms hardly eliminated the basic conflicts in the colony. 215 00:28:53.620 --> 00:29:02.620 Thus, in 1698, the proprietary reneged on its promise, given in the wake of the Sotho Rebellion against Coleton, 216 00:29:02.620 --> 00:29:16.620 and to forget about the fundamental constitutions and a new variant of this thoroughly disliked proposal was introduced again and continued to be introduced until 1705. 217 00:29:16.620 --> 00:29:24.620 In 1699, indeed, the South Carolina Assembly saw fit to address a list of grievances to the proprietary. 218 00:29:24.620 --> 00:29:30.620 The list included violations of the requirement of consent to all laws by the Assembly 219 00:29:30.620 --> 00:29:37.620 and the accumulation of vast landed estates in the hands of a few privileged persons. 220 00:29:38.300 --> 00:29:45.300 The assembly asked that no land tract be granted over the size of 1,000 acres. Even the king's 221 00:29:45.660 --> 00:29:52.660 collector of customs, the Tory Edward Randolph, warned the Crown in 1699 that there are but 222 00:29:53.220 --> 00:29:59.100 few settled inhabitants in this province, the lords, proprietors, having taken up vast 223 00:29:59.100 --> 00:30:12.380 The assembly also objected strongly to the English tariff on South Carolina rice and 224 00:30:12.380 --> 00:30:19.380 naval stores, turpentine, pitch, tar, but, as in the case of the other grievances, to 225 00:30:19.380 --> 00:30:21.700 no effect. 226 00:30:21.700 --> 00:30:28.740 A major grievance soon became Randolph himself, who had arrived in 1699 to enforce vigorously 227 00:30:28.740 --> 00:30:35.280 the neglected navigation laws and the suppression of popular but illegal trade. 228 00:30:35.280 --> 00:30:40.700 Randolph wrote to the Crown of his horror at the pervasive commerce, including trade 229 00:30:40.700 --> 00:30:45.940 with the Dutch, all with simply no regard to the acts of trade. 230 00:30:45.940 --> 00:30:50.820 The institution of royal admiralty courts appointed by the Crown for vigorous enforcement 231 00:30:50.820 --> 00:30:53.460 also angered the colonists greatly. 232 00:30:53.460 --> 00:31:08.460 Indeed, the South Carolina Assembly, under severe pressure by the people, tried to pass laws in 1700 and 1701, all of course vetoed, to restrict the activities of the royal custom officials. 233 00:31:08.460 --> 00:31:13.460 In North Carolina, the Archdale reforms also lowered the quit rents. 234 00:31:13.460 --> 00:31:20.460 Ludwell had attempted to do so, but had for his efforts been angrily removed from office by the proprietary. 235 00:31:20.460 --> 00:31:29.460 Soon attempts to collect a penny per acre were abandoned, and the rate came to be set generally at two shillings per 100 acres. 236 00:31:29.460 --> 00:31:41.460 Soon attempts to collect a penny per acre were abandoned, and the rate came to be set generally at two shillings per 100 acres, with payment accepted in commodities. 237 00:31:41.460 --> 00:31:44.460 For some land, the quit rents were far less. 238 00:31:44.460 --> 00:31:50.940 Less. Quit rents continued to be collected, at least partially, for the remainder of the 239 00:31:50.940 --> 00:31:57.100 proprietary term. Enforcement, however, was often evaded, and the quit rents were generally 240 00:31:57.100 --> 00:32:04.340 absorbed in salaries to local officials, so that the return to the proprietors was small. 241 00:32:04.340 --> 00:32:10.080 From their beginning in the mid-17th century, the Carolina counties had been conspicuous 242 00:32:10.080 --> 00:32:14.640 and Notable Havens of Religious Liberty. 243 00:32:14.640 --> 00:32:20.120 Here they contrasted to other American colonies, including their Spanish neighbors to the south. 244 00:32:20.120 --> 00:32:24.980 North Carolina, indeed, had been founded by independent settlers escaping religious and 245 00:32:24.980 --> 00:32:27.720 political discrimination in Virginia. 246 00:32:27.720 --> 00:32:32.760 The proprietary had announced from the first its intention to establish the Church of England 247 00:32:32.760 --> 00:32:39.880 in the Carolinas, but driven by desire to profit by encouraging settlers in the colony, 248 00:32:39.880 --> 00:32:43.260 had never put this plan into effect. 249 00:32:43.260 --> 00:32:50.080 Into this relatively free haven, then, came numerous dissenting groups, including the 250 00:32:50.080 --> 00:32:57.280 much persecuted Quakers and Huguenots, and the Anglicans were in a considerable minority. 251 00:32:57.280 --> 00:33:03.960 In fact, even the Anglicans in South Carolina believed strongly in self-government on a 252 00:33:03.960 --> 00:33:09.600 congregational level and insisted eventually on appointing their own ministers. 253 00:33:09.600 --> 00:33:15.440 In this, they were influenced by the decentralizing spirit of the Presbyterian majority of the 254 00:33:15.440 --> 00:33:17.040 colony. 255 00:33:17.040 --> 00:33:23.400 And as for North Carolina, with its preponderance of Quakers, there had not even been a single 256 00:33:23.400 --> 00:33:29.440 Anglican church or priest in the colony, so little was there of an Anglican establishment 257 00:33:29.440 --> 00:33:31.680 in the Carolinas. 258 00:33:31.680 --> 00:33:37.800 But this happy condition, this approach to separation of church and state, was not destined 259 00:33:37.800 --> 00:33:38.800 to last. 260 00:33:38.800 --> 00:33:45.460 Instead, at the turn of the 18th century, the Anglican Old Guard moved purposefully 261 00:33:45.460 --> 00:33:51.680 and aggressively to fasten a state church upon the only southern colonies that had yet 262 00:33:51.680 --> 00:33:58.020 escaped this incubus. This was a particularly bitter pill for the dissenting majority that 263 00:33:58.020 --> 00:34:04.340 had enjoyed religious freedom. The Anglican aggression was ignited by events in England 264 00:34:04.340 --> 00:34:11.220 where about 1700 a renewed wave of Anglican repression under Queen Anne's regime was 265 00:34:11.220 --> 00:34:16.260 launched against the dissenters. The peace accord with the dissenters that had emerged 266 00:34:16.260 --> 00:34:24.660 from the Glorious Revolution and been embodied in the Toleration Act of 1689 was now rudely 267 00:34:24.660 --> 00:34:31.280 shattered. One of the leaders of a campaign dedicated to the extermination of the dissenters 268 00:34:31.280 --> 00:35:00.280 In 1704, Lord Granville instructed the new governor of South Carolina, Sir Nathaniel Johnson, a veteran supporter of the Stuart's and the Colleton regime, to secure the establishment of the Church in the Carolinas. 269 00:35:00.280 --> 00:35:12.280 Johnson was confronted in South Carolina with an assembly majority of dissenters. To drive through an establishment bill, therefore, he had to resort to trickery and fraud. 270 00:35:12.280 --> 00:35:26.280 First, very early in the 1704 session, when many members were absent, Johnson rushed through an act, excluding all non-Anglicans from the assembly. 271 00:35:26.280 --> 00:35:40.280 This measure was at least temporarily needed in order to drive through an establishment bill without fear of the dissenter majority, and the latter was accomplished by the fall of 1704. 272 00:35:40.280 --> 00:35:46.280 The bill established the Anglican Church and imposed taxation on the public for its support. 273 00:35:46.280 --> 00:35:50.280 Many Anglicans opposed this tyrannical seizure. 274 00:35:50.280 --> 00:35:57.280 The Crown and the Board of Trade were persuaded to nullify the two laws. The Crown did not want an establishment so severe on the rights of dissenters. 275 00:36:20.280 --> 00:36:48.280 The Act of Establishment, however, was disallowed because it was too liberal. It allowed the layman of a parish to remove a minister, thus striking it the principle of hierarchical control of the Church by the State. 276 00:36:48.280 --> 00:37:01.280 If both edicts of the Crown had been immediately obeyed, the Assembly, now including a dissenting majority, would have never passed a new Act establishing the Anglican Church. 277 00:37:01.280 --> 00:37:14.280 Hence, Governor Johnson's new Assembly of 1706, completely excluding dissenters, rushed through a new Establishment Act without the provision for lay removal of ministers. 278 00:37:14.280 --> 00:37:18.280 Lay members, however, were permitted to select their ministers. 279 00:37:18.280 --> 00:37:29.280 Tax funds were appropriated for churches and ministerial salaries, and church repairs were to be paid from assessments on all the inhabitants of the parish. 280 00:37:29.280 --> 00:37:36.280 The dissenting assemblymen were only readmitted after the Establishment Bill was safely passed. 281 00:37:36.280 --> 00:37:41.280 The dissenters were naturally angry at their treatment. 282 00:37:41.280 --> 00:37:46.020 Though they were no longer excluded from the assembly, any repeal of the state church would 283 00:37:46.020 --> 00:37:48.360 be blocked by the governor's veto. 284 00:37:48.360 --> 00:37:55.760 The dissenters rioted at length during 1707, the riots being led by a political club headed 285 00:37:55.760 --> 00:37:58.520 by prominent dissenters. 286 00:37:58.520 --> 00:38:06.960 Included in these rebellious protests was a new phenomenon, a woman's political club. 287 00:38:06.960 --> 00:38:11.900 The dissenters were also embittered because one of their great leaders, Landgrave Thomas 288 00:38:11.900 --> 00:38:17.260 Smith, was being persecuted by the Johnson regime. 289 00:38:17.260 --> 00:38:22.620 For criticizing the assembly in a private letter, Smith was ordered arrested. 290 00:38:22.620 --> 00:38:27.480 When he escaped, the assembly sought to disqualify Smith from public office for life, but in 291 00:38:27.480 --> 00:38:31.540 this affair at least the dissenters had their revenge. 292 00:38:31.540 --> 00:38:36.940 Now speaker of a dissenter-controlled assembly, Smith had the satisfaction of arresting former 293 00:38:36.940 --> 00:38:42.820 Former Speaker, Colonel Risby, the reputed author of the Exclusion Act for disrespectful 294 00:38:42.820 --> 00:38:49.160 words spoken in private against the new assembly. Finally, the dissenters also gained the temporary 295 00:38:49.160 --> 00:38:56.420 satisfaction of forcing the proprietors to remove the hated Johnson from office in 1708. 296 00:38:56.420 --> 00:39:02.020 The drive for a state church occurred at the same time in North Carolina, which was at 297 00:39:02.020 --> 00:39:13.020 The Northern Colony, true to its tradition, was even more dissenting and rebellious than its southern neighbor. 298 00:39:13.020 --> 00:39:22.020 North Carolina's troubles began with the appointment of Henderson Walker, a zealous Anglican, as Deputy Governor in 1699. 299 00:39:22.020 --> 00:39:30.020 Walker, deeply disturbed that North Carolina had successfully gone 40 years without priest or altar, 300 00:39:30.020 --> 00:39:44.020 maneuvered through the assembly the Vestry Act of 1701, which imposed a state church on North Carolina, including a poll tax on the colonists for support of the Anglican clergymen. 301 00:39:44.020 --> 00:39:53.020 The act was disallowed by the proprietary for not going far enough in paying the clergy, but the fight had just begun. 302 00:39:53.020 --> 00:39:59.020 Lord Granville's instructions to the Governor of South Carolina, Sir Nathaniel Johnson, 303 00:39:59.020 --> 00:40:06.020 to secure whatever legislation was necessary to impose a state church on the Carolinas, 304 00:40:06.020 --> 00:40:13.020 led Johnson to replace Walker as Deputy Governor of North Carolina with Colonel Robert Daniel. 305 00:40:13.020 --> 00:40:18.020 Daniel could not hope to drive the establishment through the North Carolina Assembly, however, 306 00:40:18.020 --> 00:40:21.020 as it had a comfortable Quaker majority. 307 00:40:21.020 --> 00:40:40.020 The zealous Daniel, therefore, decided to attain his goal by expelling the Quakers from the assembly, and used as his weapon a dubious legal application of the new test oath of allegiance to Queen Anne required of all public officials in England. 308 00:40:40.020 --> 00:40:50.020 This oath excluded Quakers, who by their religion could only affirm and could not swear to oaths. 309 00:40:50.020 --> 00:41:12.020 The expulsion of the Quaker assemblymen left the high church party with a small majority, and this party now drove through the new Vestry Act, establishing the church, as well as an act imposing the test oath for all public officials, including assemblymen in the future. 310 00:41:12.020 --> 00:41:22.020 The embittered Quakers were able to pressure Governor Johnson to remove Daniel in 1705, but the damage had been done. 311 00:41:22.020 --> 00:41:36.020 Despite the establishment, however, Anglican zeal was so weak in freewheeling North Carolina that not until 1732 did the colonies see a regular Anglican minister. 312 00:41:36.020 --> 00:41:43.740 The new deputy governor, welcomed by the Quakers for his supposedly liberal views, was Thomas 313 00:41:43.740 --> 00:41:49.100 Carey, a Charleston merchant and son-in-law of the great Archdale. 314 00:41:49.100 --> 00:41:55.360 But Carey betrayed his supporters by repressing the Quakers even more ardently than had his 315 00:41:55.360 --> 00:41:57.660 predecessors. 316 00:41:57.660 --> 00:42:02.800 Carey not only expelled the Quakers from the assembly but also levied a heavy fine on anyone 317 00:42:02.800 --> 00:42:08.960 One presuming to enter office without taking the test oath. Furthermore, Kerry further 318 00:42:08.960 --> 00:42:14.920 weakened the assembly by having an apt past finding anyone daring to promote actively 319 00:42:14.920 --> 00:42:21.720 his own election to any office. The numerous body of North Carolina Quakers finally sent 320 00:42:21.720 --> 00:42:30.720 John Porter, a non-Quaker, to England in 1707 to plead their case with the Lord Proprietors. 321 00:42:30.720 --> 00:42:40.720 Two of the proprietors, John Archdale and John Danson, were Quakers, and they persuaded the others of the justice of the Quaker case. 322 00:42:40.720 --> 00:42:49.720 The proprietors abolished the test oath, deposed Kerry, suspended Governor Johnson's authority over North Carolina, 323 00:42:49.720 --> 00:42:57.720 and authorized the Council of North Carolina to select its own president who would assume the full duties as governor. 324 00:42:57.720 --> 00:43:12.720 The Council then selected as President William Glover, who governed North Carolina in Kerry's stead, but the Anglican Glover betrayed the Quakers in his turn by still insisting on enforcement of the test oath. 325 00:43:12.720 --> 00:43:21.720 John Porter and the infuriated Quakers now formed an alliance with the double turncoat Kerry to try to oust Glover from his rule. 326 00:43:21.720 --> 00:43:38.720 The election to the assembly of 1708 was won by the Kerry-Porter forces, who disregarded Glover's insistence on the test oath, declared Kerry governor, voided all the laws of the Glover regime, and appointed many Quakers to office. 327 00:43:38.720 --> 00:43:54.720 Leader of the Kerry forces in the assembly was the Speaker, the powerful Edward Mosley, a wealthy planter and devout Anglican, who nevertheless steadfastly supported religious freedom and opposed any establishment. 328 00:43:54.720 --> 00:44:05.720 Glover, however, refused to recognize the legality of this democratic upheaval and fled to Virginia, still claiming the governorship. 329 00:44:05.720 --> 00:44:26.720 The relatively liberal Kerry-Porter rule lasted until 1711, when the proprietary decided to stamp out the seditious popular regime and sent Edward Hyde, a cousin of Queen Anne, to be the new governor of North Carolina, now permanently separated from South Carolina. 330 00:44:26.720 --> 00:44:34.720 Hayek immediately instituted a regime of repression, aligning himself completely with the Gloverite 331 00:44:34.720 --> 00:44:36.480 faction. 332 00:44:36.480 --> 00:44:42.080 All the liberal laws, as well as the court proceedings of Kerry's second administration, 333 00:44:42.080 --> 00:44:48.420 were nullified, and the test oath was reimposed on all public officials on paying of a heavy 334 00:44:48.420 --> 00:44:53.680 £100 fine for all refusals to take it. 335 00:44:53.680 --> 00:44:58.680 The Quaker Assemblymen were once again expelled. 336 00:44:58.680 --> 00:45:05.400 In addition, a law was passed to punish severely all seditious words or scurrilous libel's 337 00:45:05.400 --> 00:45:06.880 against the government. 338 00:45:06.880 --> 00:45:12.080 The government itself, of course, being the judge of what was seditious or scurrilous 339 00:45:12.080 --> 00:45:13.640 against itself. 340 00:45:13.640 --> 00:45:19.080 Moreover, Kerry and Porter were indicted for various crimes and misdemeanors. 341 00:45:19.080 --> 00:45:26.080 To counter this repression, Thomas Carey organized an armed rebellion against the Hyde regime. 342 00:45:26.080 --> 00:45:32.180 In the midst of the fighting, Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia sent a force of Royal 343 00:45:32.180 --> 00:45:40.420 Marines to aid Hyde, which counter-revolutionary intervention dispersed the rebellion. Carey 344 00:45:40.420 --> 00:45:45.780 and the other leaders fled to Virginia. There he was arrested, however, and sent to England 345 00:45:45.780 --> 00:46:14.780 These struggles in the Carolinas weakened the authority of the proprietary and helped make them ripe for the abolition of proprietary rule in South Carolina in 1719 and in North Carolina in 1729. 346 00:46:14.780 --> 00:46:22.780 By 1730, then, the Carolinas and Virginia were both royal colonies, leaving Maryland 347 00:46:22.780 --> 00:46:29.660 with its restored proprietary as the only proprietary colony in the South. 348 00:46:29.660 --> 00:46:35.260 While these conflicts were going on, North Carolina was experiencing a rapid growth. 349 00:46:35.260 --> 00:46:42.960 A heavy influx of people came from Virginia, seeking more religious freedom or cheaper 350 00:46:42.960 --> 00:46:49.600 for Land Free of Arbitrary Landed Monopolies. North Carolina's status as a refuge is shown 351 00:46:49.600 --> 00:46:56.320 by Virginia's repeated accusations that it was harboring runaway slaves. Finally, the 352 00:46:56.320 --> 00:47:04.320 first town was laid out in North Carolina, Bath, in 1704, which promptly became the capital. 353 00:47:04.320 --> 00:47:09.200 Many of the immigrants were European refugees, including French Protestant Huguenots and 354 00:47:09.200 --> 00:47:13.360 German and Swiss Palatines. 355 00:47:13.360 --> 00:47:19.480 Treatment of the Indians, however, grew increasingly brutal. The white settlers had participated 356 00:47:19.480 --> 00:47:24.840 in the Indian fur trade. They had learned from the Indians' techniques of clearing 357 00:47:24.840 --> 00:47:31.880 the unfamiliar land, of cultivating the soil, and of growing such new crops as corn, tobacco 358 00:47:31.880 --> 00:47:38.880 and Potatoes. Now, the whites repaid the Indians by embarking on a campaign of decimation. 359 00:47:41.320 --> 00:47:46.960 Proclamations stated that the Indians would be exterminated like vermin, and the legislature 360 00:47:46.960 --> 00:47:53.400 of North Carolina granted bounties for Indian scalps. Indian prisoners of war, including 361 00:47:53.400 --> 00:48:00.400 many children, were sold into slavery by their captors.