WEBVTT NOTE 58. The Glorious Revolution in the Northern Colonies, 1690-1692 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:08.800 Volume 1, Chapter 58, The Glorious Revolution in the Northern Colonies, 1690 through 1692. 2 00:00:10.160 --> 00:00:16.560 While the Northern Colonies were routing the hated Dominion and at least temporarily restoring 3 00:00:16.560 --> 00:00:24.480 self-government, King William was inaugurating his reign by taking England into a general European 4 00:00:24.480 --> 00:00:31.280 and Alliance, the League of Osberg against France. William had already been at war with 5 00:00:31.280 --> 00:00:38.280 France as Statholder of Holland, and he was now eager to continue in that tradition, important 6 00:00:38.320 --> 00:00:44.820 repercussions in the New World. Historians of each nation, when treating their country's 7 00:00:44.820 --> 00:00:51.380 foreign affairs and conflicts, almost always make it appear that their side was the righteous 8 00:00:51.380 --> 00:00:58.420 Menace I and their state beset and threatened by lowering enemies. 9 00:00:58.420 --> 00:01:04.500 Any objective historian of New France and the English colonies, however, should certainly 10 00:01:04.500 --> 00:01:11.960 conclude that the menace was to New France and not from New France. 11 00:01:11.960 --> 00:01:19.940 New France had a population of 12,000 compared with that of 100,000 in New England alone. 12 00:01:19.940 --> 00:01:26.260 Second, the English were solidly allied with the most feared, most aggressive, and most 13 00:01:26.260 --> 00:01:31.660 imperialistic Indians in the Northeast, the Iroquois. 14 00:01:31.660 --> 00:01:37.400 The basic struggle between the French on the one hand and the Iroquois, Dutch, and English 15 00:01:37.400 --> 00:01:41.780 on the other was economic, the beaver trade. 16 00:01:41.780 --> 00:01:47.180 In the 17th century, the French had settled in Quebec and along the St. Lawrence and had 17 00:01:47.180 --> 00:01:54.220 developed a thriving fur trade with the Indian tribes farther west. But this trade interfered 18 00:01:54.220 --> 00:02:00.060 with the Iroquois, who tried by coercion to obtain a monopoly of the intermediate fur 19 00:02:00.060 --> 00:02:06.340 trade. The French in Canada could deal directly with the western tribes, but the Dutch and 20 00:02:06.340 --> 00:02:12.940 English in Albany could not. In Albany, the Iroquois could find a market for resale of 21 00:02:12.940 --> 00:02:15.940 The First Purchased from the Indians Farther West 22 00:02:15.940 --> 00:02:22.940 In short, both the Iroquois and the English had a vested interest in aggressions against the French. 23 00:02:22.940 --> 00:02:28.940 The Iroquois to eliminate competition for the purchase of furs from the Western Indians 24 00:02:28.940 --> 00:02:32.940 and to obtain a monopoly of the middleman fur trade. 25 00:02:32.940 --> 00:02:36.940 The English to oust the French from the fur trade 26 00:02:36.940 --> 00:02:40.940 and to grab French land for the glory and benefit of the Crown. 27 00:02:40.940 --> 00:02:48.100 The Iroquois had plagued and ravaged the French settlers, as well as the more peaceful Indians 28 00:02:48.100 --> 00:02:54.900 in the northeast, for decades. During the 1640s, the Iroquois plundered the French and 29 00:02:54.900 --> 00:03:00.980 drove out friendly tribes, but in the course of another war were able to reestablish their 30 00:03:00.980 --> 00:03:07.980 position. We have observed that Governor Dongan urged the Iroquois to attack the French during 31 00:03:07.980 --> 00:03:15.480 In the 1680s, the Iroquois went unerringly to the heart of the matter, the fur trade. 32 00:03:15.480 --> 00:03:20.860 After the Iroquois had driven the peaceful fur trade in Hurons from the St. Lawrence, 33 00:03:20.860 --> 00:03:27.020 the latter settled in the Great Lakes areas, as far west as Wisconsin, and a direct fur 34 00:03:27.020 --> 00:03:30.820 trade with the French was established from there. 35 00:03:30.820 --> 00:03:40.340 Now in the mid-1680s, the Iroquois invaded Huron country and by 1686 were able by force 36 00:03:40.340 --> 00:03:47.260 of arms to break the vital chain between the Great Lakes fur trade and the French. 37 00:03:47.260 --> 00:03:52.740 After the French made a feeble attempt to oust the Iroquois and restore the fur trade, 38 00:03:52.740 --> 00:03:59.920 the Iroquois began mercilessly to ravage the French settlements on the St. Lawrence, even 39 00:03:59.920 --> 00:04:08.520 to the environs of Montreal itself. The raids reached a peak in the summer of 1689. When 40 00:04:08.520 --> 00:04:15.160 the Venerable Comte de Frontenac resumed his old post as governor of New France that fall, 41 00:04:15.160 --> 00:04:22.120 his obvious task was to try to preserve the colony from the Iroquois menace. Now that 42 00:04:22.120 --> 00:04:28.160 England had declared war on France, Frontenac did not have to respect the status of privileged 43 00:04:28.160 --> 00:04:34.240 Sanctuary with which the English had cloaked the Iroquois. Seeing English military strength 44 00:04:34.240 --> 00:04:40.560 weakened by the overthrow of the Dominion, the French and allied Indians executed a daring 45 00:04:40.560 --> 00:04:48.720 raid on February 9, 1690, upon the upstate New York trading post of Schenectady. The 46 00:04:48.720 --> 00:04:54.960 raiders burned the town, massacred a large portion of the inhabitants and captured the 47 00:04:54.960 --> 00:05:01.120 and Rest. Two other daring and successful raids with similar results were engineered 48 00:05:01.120 --> 00:05:09.260 by Frontenac against Salmon Falls, New Hampshire, and Falmouth, Maine, on Casco Bay. Ever since 49 00:05:09.260 --> 00:05:16.760 the previous December 1689, Jacob Leisler had been in control as the temporarily recognized 50 00:05:16.760 --> 00:05:24.080 ruler of the New York colony, but Albany still proved recalcitrant. Now, with Albany frightened 51 00:05:24.080 --> 00:05:31.080 by the Raid on Schenectady, Leisler made a determined move to assume control. 52 00:05:31.080 --> 00:05:36.260 Leisler had lost no time in transforming the revolution in New York into a virtual duplication 53 00:05:36.260 --> 00:05:42.560 of the old power. The old Committee of Safety was now made Leisler's council. It quickly 54 00:05:42.560 --> 00:05:49.560 decreed the Revenue Act of 1683 to be still in force and went so far as to order Delanois 55 00:05:49.560 --> 00:05:57.120 of Illinois, to collect back taxes as well. Seeing the liberalism of the revolution vanish, 56 00:05:57.120 --> 00:06:04.440 a group of angry merchants issued a declaration of the freeholders of New York in protest. 57 00:06:04.440 --> 00:06:11.240 Leisler's order was torn down and the declaration substituted. Leisler, by decree, prohibited 58 00:06:11.240 --> 00:06:17.280 defacing his orders. He also established a new court of the Exchequer to try to collect 59 00:06:17.280 --> 00:06:25.320 Revenue. Still, Leisler had enormous difficulty in collecting taxes. Like many another tyrant, 60 00:06:25.320 --> 00:06:31.160 Leisler then decided that this was the result of a subversive hellish conspiracy and he 61 00:06:31.160 --> 00:06:38.660 ordered a summary search of all suspect houses and the arrest of his opponents. By February 62 00:06:38.660 --> 00:06:43.240 there were numerous arrests of people caught speaking contemptuously of his government 63 00:06:43.240 --> 00:06:46.240 and also of Suspected Papist. 64 00:06:46.240 --> 00:06:53.240 Leisler's imposition of a despotism in order to levy taxes was a fateful step. 65 00:06:53.240 --> 00:06:57.740 Before then, the Leisler movement had been truly a people's revolution. 66 00:06:57.740 --> 00:07:03.240 Its only opponents had been members of the discredited ruling oligarchy. 67 00:07:03.240 --> 00:07:07.240 But now the liberals, who had been his staunchest supporters, 68 00:07:07.240 --> 00:07:11.240 began to leave the Leisler cause in droves. 69 00:07:11.240 --> 00:07:26.240 In mid-May 1690, merchants and other leading citizens of New York drew up a humble address to the king protesting Leisler's slavery, arbitrary power, and ruling us by the sword. 70 00:07:26.240 --> 00:07:38.240 The authors included such prominent merchants and great leaders of the revolution as Leisler's former fellow militia captains De Peister, Ludwig, and Stuyvesant. 71 00:07:38.240 --> 00:07:49.240 The petition also complained of Leisler's confiscation of goods, even as far as Elizabethtown, New Jersey, plundering of homes and searching of mails. 72 00:07:49.240 --> 00:08:02.240 Jacob Leisler's frenzy to collect taxes was largely because of his determination to seize Albany and then to mount a giant inter-colonial invasion to conquer New France. 73 00:08:02.240 --> 00:08:08.600 He'd always been a hardliner on Papist New France, and now the war and the massacre at 74 00:08:08.600 --> 00:08:13.280 Schenectady gave him his long-awaited opportunity. 75 00:08:13.280 --> 00:08:19.760 The higher taxes and the rigorous enforcement were to pay for Leisler's cherished invasion 76 00:08:19.760 --> 00:08:21.460 plans. 77 00:08:21.460 --> 00:08:26.560 By the end of February, Leisler decided to call a representative assembly in New York 78 00:08:26.560 --> 00:08:33.360 to make the raising of taxes more palatable to the increasingly restive populace. 79 00:08:33.360 --> 00:08:36.300 The Assembly finally met at the end of April. 80 00:08:36.300 --> 00:08:42.600 Suffolk County, except for Hempstead, refused to send any delegates. 81 00:08:42.600 --> 00:08:48.480 Suffolk still hoped to join Connecticut and also balked at the high-tax program. 82 00:08:48.480 --> 00:08:53.920 Leisler barred from voting all those who had not taken what was, in effect, an oath of 83 00:08:53.920 --> 00:09:00.920 The assembly dutifully imposed a new property tax of three pence per pound, but tried to win the support of the farmers and the New York masses by ending the hated New York City flower monopoly, the New York port monopoly, and the Albany fur monopoly. 84 00:09:23.920 --> 00:09:28.920 The abolition of the Three Hated Monopolies was highly welcome to the people. 85 00:09:28.920 --> 00:09:34.920 Leisler, though, was angered by the growing popular movement for release of his political prisoners. 86 00:09:34.920 --> 00:09:43.920 He brusquely dissolved the assembly for even daring to receive the petitions of the people, urging him to free the prisoners. 87 00:09:43.920 --> 00:09:49.920 The popularity that Leisler could have earned by ending the monopolies never materialized 88 00:09:49.920 --> 00:09:56.840 because of his taxes and confiscations to finance his unrealistic dream of the conquest 89 00:09:56.840 --> 00:09:58.520 of French Canada. 90 00:09:58.520 --> 00:10:05.000 To confiscate supplies for an expedition against the French, Leisler imposed on grain exports 91 00:10:05.000 --> 00:10:10.800 and embargo, which allowed him to seize the grain for military purposes. 92 00:10:10.800 --> 00:10:15.320 Ending the flour monopoly did little good when farmers and merchants could not export 93 00:10:15.320 --> 00:10:16.920 the grain at all. 94 00:10:16.920 --> 00:10:25.920 Moreover, by decree, Leisler embargoed all exports of pork and confiscated all private stores of pork meat. 95 00:10:25.920 --> 00:10:30.920 He also searched all suspected places without bothering about a warrant. 96 00:10:30.920 --> 00:10:34.920 Stocks of cloth in the city were also confiscated. 97 00:10:34.920 --> 00:10:44.920 Other foci of resistance to Leisler were New Rochelle, where the newly settled Huguenots objected to a tax burden for his needless expedition 98 00:10:44.920 --> 00:11:13.920 An East Hampton meeting in May, for example, was evenly split between accepting Lisler's authority on condition of summary dress of grievances or not submitting at all without further word from England. No one at the meeting advocated unconditional submission to Lisler's authority. 99 00:11:13.920 --> 00:11:17.920 Despite an increasingly restless home base behind him, 100 00:11:17.920 --> 00:11:21.920 Leisler proceeded on his course of seizing Albany 101 00:11:21.920 --> 00:11:25.920 and then mounting an invasion of Canada. 102 00:11:25.920 --> 00:11:29.920 As soon as Leisler acquired legitimacy in December, 103 00:11:29.920 --> 00:11:33.920 he ordered Albany to submit and hold new municipal elections, 104 00:11:33.920 --> 00:11:37.920 but the Albany Convention refused 105 00:11:37.920 --> 00:11:41.920 and was backed by the Connecticut militia, 106 00:11:41.920 --> 00:11:47.920 The Schenectady Massacre, however, changed the situation. 107 00:11:47.920 --> 00:11:55.920 Leisler was now able to blame Albany's recalcitrants for the poor preparation against the attack. 108 00:11:55.920 --> 00:12:01.920 Furthermore, the Albany oligarchy was now beginning to face numerous internal and external troubles. 109 00:12:01.920 --> 00:12:07.920 First, Leisler conscripted a militia and ordered it to seize Albany and Ulster counties. 110 00:12:07.920 --> 00:12:15.640 The People of Albany, Fearful of a French Attack, began to ship their goods downriver 111 00:12:15.640 --> 00:12:17.520 to New York City. 112 00:12:17.520 --> 00:12:22.520 The Albany Convention ordered all such shipments stopped. 113 00:12:22.520 --> 00:12:28.760 And finally, Connecticut withdrew its troops and advised Albany to submit to Lysler, while 114 00:12:28.760 --> 00:12:35.840 Massachusetts, as fellow revolutionaries against the Dominion, inclined toward Lysler and joined 115 00:12:35.840 --> 00:12:43.500 in this plea. Connecticut and Massachusetts were entreated by Albany and Ulster to support 116 00:12:43.500 --> 00:12:49.540 them and to send more troops. Leisler demanded that Connecticut put its troops under his 117 00:12:49.540 --> 00:12:55.580 command. Albany's chief agent to Connecticut and Massachusetts in the spring of 1690 was 118 00:12:55.580 --> 00:13:04.100 Robert Livingston, perhaps Leisler's most determined enemy among the Albany oligarchy. 119 00:13:04.100 --> 00:13:19.100 New York's comrade in revolution, Massachusetts, almost did arrest Livingston, but he was able to save himself by citing the friendship of the Iroquois to the Albany oligarchs. 120 00:13:19.100 --> 00:13:24.780 In conclusion, Massachusetts almost did arrest Livingston, but he was able to save himself 121 00:13:24.780 --> 00:13:30.780 by citing the friendship of the Iroquois to the Albany oligarchs. 122 00:13:30.780 --> 00:13:34.900 Under pressure from all sides, Albany could only give in. 123 00:13:34.900 --> 00:13:38.540 It submitted to Leisler on March 20. 124 00:13:38.540 --> 00:13:45.260 Leisler appointed three commissioners to govern Albany, including Jacob Milborne. 125 00:13:45.260 --> 00:13:52.300 Esapas, Kingston, also submitted, and Milburn imposed Leisler's authority there. 126 00:13:52.300 --> 00:13:57.860 As opponents of Leisler began to flee Albany, the commissioners issued an order prohibiting 127 00:13:57.860 --> 00:14:00.320 any mail from leaving the city. 128 00:14:00.320 --> 00:14:07.580 They also forced into submission several burghers who had previously refused to obey the militia. 129 00:14:07.580 --> 00:14:13.280 Generally though, Leisler conciliated the oligarchy by reappointing existing officials. 130 00:14:13.280 --> 00:14:18.720 The exception was Livingston, who was still in Connecticut and whom Lysler attempted to 131 00:14:18.720 --> 00:14:21.080 try for treason. 132 00:14:21.080 --> 00:14:27.280 With Albany secured, Jacob Lysler proceeded to the second stage of his grand design, the 133 00:14:27.280 --> 00:14:31.280 United Colonial Conquest of Canada. 134 00:14:31.280 --> 00:14:37.380 Lysler called a great inter-colonial conference at Albany for May 1, 1690. 135 00:14:37.380 --> 00:14:43.240 He assured the various governments that New York would contribute 400 men to such an expedition. 136 00:14:43.240 --> 00:14:50.240 and Human Action, 260 of whom were already in arms, and the Iroquois had promised a thousand. 137 00:14:50.240 --> 00:14:56.340 Virginia refused the invitation, and Quaker Pennsylvania, again in a state of anarchism, 138 00:14:56.340 --> 00:15:02.600 simply ignored it. The Jerseys, unfriendly to New York anyway, and a haven for many of 139 00:15:02.600 --> 00:15:09.720 Leisler's enemies, also ignored the invitation. Maryland was sympathetic, but was now in the 140 00:15:09.720 --> 00:15:22.040 the New England Colonies, which appeared at the conference and pledged a total of 355 141 00:15:22.040 --> 00:15:29.520 men for the expedition to be conducted under a supreme commander named by Leisler. Sixty 142 00:15:29.520 --> 00:15:38.560 men were pledged by Plymouth, Massachusetts promised 160, and Connecticut 135. Rhode Island 143 00:15:38.560 --> 00:15:45.440 sent no delegates and would conscript no men, but it agreed to contribute 300 pounds to 144 00:15:45.440 --> 00:15:51.500 help finance the campaign. Massachusetts had itself proposed an inter-colonial conference 145 00:15:51.500 --> 00:15:57.040 concerning an invasion of Canada and had in fact scheduled a New England conference at 146 00:15:57.040 --> 00:16:03.800 Newport before the New York meeting was called. It was the attempt to finance and supply this 147 00:16:03.800 --> 00:16:10.800 and the rising opposition to Leisler in New York, the raising of the militia aggravated resentment still further. 148 00:16:10.800 --> 00:16:21.800 One Westchester realist pointed out that they was fools if any of them did go and said who would give them a leg or armivid they lost them. 149 00:16:21.800 --> 00:16:27.520 These fools, if any of them did go and said, who would give them a leg or arm if they lost 150 00:16:27.520 --> 00:16:34.240 them? Kings and Queens counties were restive and desertions from the conscript militia 151 00:16:34.240 --> 00:16:40.080 began to mount. In accordance with the decision of the Albany Conference, Leisler named his 152 00:16:40.080 --> 00:16:46.920 right-hand man, Jacob Milborne, to be supreme commander. It was decided that a naval attack 153 00:16:46.920 --> 00:16:52.720 on Quebec would be coordinated with a land assault on Montreal. 154 00:16:52.720 --> 00:16:58.000 But the other colonies had never really been enthusiastic about the Lisler Expedition and 155 00:16:58.000 --> 00:17:04.400 had only joined under pressure of popular enthusiasm in New England for Lisler's promised 156 00:17:04.400 --> 00:17:06.720 conquest of New France. 157 00:17:06.720 --> 00:17:12.960 Plymouth now withdrew its commitment, pleading poverty and lack of resources, and Massachusetts 158 00:17:12.960 --> 00:17:19.720 through its resources, instead, into the naval expedition headed by Sir William Phipps to 159 00:17:19.720 --> 00:17:26.640 capture Quebec. Moreover, Massachusetts found that its citizens refused, en masse, to be 160 00:17:26.640 --> 00:17:33.480 drafted into the militia, much less to volunteer. Only Connecticut now remained a direct ally 161 00:17:33.480 --> 00:17:40.400 of Leisler, and Connecticut, guided by such enemies of Leisler as Secretary John Allen, 162 00:17:40.400 --> 00:18:00.400 Robert Livingston took advantage of the situation to take over the expedition. Connecticut now insisted that Milburn be replaced as supreme commander by Fitzjohn Winthrop of Connecticut, a close friend of Livingston's. 163 00:18:00.400 --> 00:18:07.400 Finally, at the end of June, Leisler was forced to yield and appointed Winthrop head of the expedition. 164 00:18:07.400 --> 00:18:13.240 While Leisler's military plans were beginning to crumble, the mounting opposition to his 165 00:18:13.240 --> 00:18:20.480 rule at home culminated in an armed revolt on June 6, sparked by an attempt of the relatives 166 00:18:20.480 --> 00:18:27.480 of Nicholas Bayard to release him from a Leisler jail. The rebels assaulted Leisler, but the 167 00:18:27.480 --> 00:18:32.920 governor was saved by the people and thirteen of the rebels were arrested. When the tumult 168 00:18:32.920 --> 00:18:37.320 Died Down, The Prisoners Were Released Upon Paying a Fine. 169 00:18:37.320 --> 00:18:42.680 Although his support was crumbling on all sides, Leisler, stubbornly determined to press 170 00:18:42.680 --> 00:18:50.680 on with the invasion. The expedition, begun on August 1, was a study in absurdity. The 171 00:18:50.680 --> 00:18:57.600 enmity between Winthrop and Livingston on the one hand and Leisler on the other could not 172 00:18:57.600 --> 00:19:05.500 not have been more intense. To cap the picture of 1,000 warriors promised by the Iroquois, 173 00:19:05.500 --> 00:19:13.360 only 70 Indians appeared, and they accomplished virtually nothing. And yet, despite the evident 174 00:19:13.360 --> 00:19:21.360 folly of the attempt, Winthrop set forth with 500 men, less than half the number, 1200, 175 00:19:21.360 --> 00:19:27.480 Frontenac rapidly raised to defend Montreal. After wandering around in the woods of New 176 00:19:27.480 --> 00:19:34.240 New York for two weeks, short of canoes and supplies, Winthrop ignominiously returned home. 177 00:19:34.240 --> 00:19:41.240 Phipps' naval attack on Quebec in October was bungled so disastrously that he did well 178 00:19:41.240 --> 00:19:47.560 to get most of his men back to Boston. The grandiose attempt to conquer French Canada 179 00:19:47.560 --> 00:19:55.160 had proved a fiasco. Massachusetts characteristically met its failure by clamping a tight censorship 180 00:19:55.160 --> 00:19:58.520 on any criticism of the regime. 181 00:19:58.520 --> 00:20:05.260 FIPS had succeeded, however, in capturing Port Royal, in Acadia, Nova Scotia, on an 182 00:20:05.260 --> 00:20:08.120 expedition the previous spring. 183 00:20:08.120 --> 00:20:14.440 The motivations for FIPS' expedition were incisively set forth in the diary of the conquest. 184 00:20:14.440 --> 00:20:17.100 May 11, the fort surrendered. 185 00:20:17.100 --> 00:20:21.460 May 12, went ashore to search for hidden goods. 186 00:20:21.460 --> 00:20:27.340 He cut down the cross, rifled the church, pulled down the high altar, and broke their 187 00:20:27.340 --> 00:20:36.400 images. May 13, kept gathering plunder all day. May 14, the inhabitants swore allegiance 188 00:20:36.400 --> 00:20:44.260 to King William and Queen Mary. Having pursued his goal of invasion with single-minded fanaticism, 189 00:20:44.260 --> 00:20:50.940 Leisler now looked around paranoically for a scapegoat for the debacle. He fastened naturally 190 00:20:50.940 --> 00:21:20.940 The Theory of Money and Credit 191 00:21:20.940 --> 00:21:49.460 Liesler's dream of conquering Canada was a shambles. Following the classic course of 192 00:21:49.460 --> 00:22:19.460 The New York Assembly met again in September 1690 and levied a tax of three pence per pound sterling on all property for military purposes. It also demanded the return, in three weeks, of all who had fled the colony on the rather absurd enticement of a promised fair trial. 193 00:22:19.460 --> 00:22:27.140 A 75-pound penalty was placed on anyone refusing a military or civilian appointment by Leisler. 194 00:22:27.140 --> 00:22:34.820 A 100-pound penalty was levied on everyone leaving Albany or Ulster without Leisler's consent, 195 00:22:34.820 --> 00:22:41.540 and all emigres were ordered to return. Again, resistance arose in New York to 196 00:22:41.540 --> 00:22:47.460 Leisler's depredations. The town of New Rochelle continued evading Leisler's order 197 00:22:47.460 --> 00:22:55.380 to All Towns to Name Justices of the Peace and Tax Collectors In Queens County, an armed revolt 198 00:22:55.380 --> 00:23:01.620 flared in October. The courts were suspended, and Lysler directed the prohibition of anyone aiding 199 00:23:01.620 --> 00:23:08.580 or encouraging the rebels. Thomas Willett, who had participated in the previous personal assault 200 00:23:08.580 --> 00:23:16.980 on Lysler, now gathered 150 men for a march on New York. But Milburn's armed group of 300, 201 00:23:16.980 --> 00:23:23.860 easily routed the rebel forces. The King's County militia also showed signs of rebellion, 202 00:23:23.860 --> 00:23:30.420 but Millbourne's ample use of court marshals soon quelled that disturbance. Finally, 203 00:23:30.420 --> 00:23:36.820 Leisler tried desperately to collect the property tax, but the towns failed to name assessors and 204 00:23:36.820 --> 00:23:44.260 tax collectors, and few of them paid. Petitions against Leisler were sent to London, old women 205 00:24:14.260 --> 00:24:33.260 Slaughter was thoroughly opposed to Lisler and his supposed rabble, and thoroughly partial to the old oligarchy, as seen by his defense before the Lords of Trade of the alleged necessity of New York City's port monopoly. 206 00:24:33.260 --> 00:24:45.260 But before slaughter could arrive, Leisler had more troubles. At the beginning of 1691, Major Richard Ingelsby arrived at New York with a troop of English regulars. 207 00:24:45.260 --> 00:24:56.260 Ingelsby demanded that Leisler surrender the fort, but Leisler stubbornly maintained that Ingelsby had no written authority from slaughter or the king. 208 00:24:56.260 --> 00:25:07.260 Both sides now began to recruit forces. Large numbers of militiamen joined Leisler in response to the menace of the Royal Troop. 209 00:25:07.260 --> 00:25:17.260 Meanwhile, Thomas Clarke, veteran opponent of Leisler, was raising troops for Ingallsby on Long Island and arresting some Leislarians. 210 00:25:17.260 --> 00:25:24.620 Flatbush and Kings County were also centers of recruitment by Inglesby, and Westchester 211 00:25:24.620 --> 00:25:28.020 arrested several Lyslarians. 212 00:25:28.020 --> 00:25:34.260 Civil war was now in the offing, although an uneasy truce permitted Inglesby to quarter 213 00:25:34.260 --> 00:25:36.500 his troops at the city hall. 214 00:25:36.500 --> 00:25:41.100 Both sides continued to threaten and to raise forces. 215 00:25:41.100 --> 00:25:46.740 Lyslar darkly warned that all this was a pappas plot against William and Mary and himself. 216 00:25:46.740 --> 00:25:55.740 Most eager for war against Leisler were Ingelsby's theoreticians, the men appointed to Slaughter's Council. 217 00:25:55.740 --> 00:26:03.740 This group, largely representing the old oligarchy, consisted of the still-imprisoned Nicholas Bayard, 218 00:26:03.740 --> 00:26:11.740 Stefanus Van Cortland, Frederick Phillips, and William Nichols, who had been imprisoned along with Bayard, 219 00:26:11.740 --> 00:26:17.740 Gabriel Minvier, the lone militia captain who had always been against the revolution. 220 00:26:17.740 --> 00:26:28.740 William Smith, an anti-leislerian, Thomas Willett, who had led Long Island revolts against Leisler and had plotted the June 6th assault upon him. 221 00:26:28.740 --> 00:26:34.740 William Pinhorn, an English merchant who had fled Leisler tyranny to East New Jersey. 222 00:26:34.740 --> 00:26:41.340 Childly Brook, a relative of Slaughter, and the notorious Joseph Dudley, Governor of the 223 00:26:41.340 --> 00:26:48.160 Dominion of New England before Andros, this group of advisors called on Inglesby to overthrow 224 00:26:48.160 --> 00:26:50.760 the Leisler Rule. 225 00:26:50.760 --> 00:26:57.940 On March 16, Leisler issued a proclamation ordering Inglesby to cease his preparations 226 00:26:57.940 --> 00:27:02.200 for war and demanded an answer in two hours. 227 00:27:02.200 --> 00:27:08.160 Civil War then ensued within the city, with Ingelsby capturing a blockhouse. Several hundred 228 00:27:08.160 --> 00:27:14.720 men on each side now skirmished with each other. When Governor Slaughter finally arrived 229 00:27:14.720 --> 00:27:21.400 on the 19th, he stepped into a developing civil war. Leisler continued to delay surrendering 230 00:27:21.400 --> 00:27:27.800 the fort, but finally did so. It is possible that pressure by Leisler's own men helped 231 00:27:27.800 --> 00:27:34.700 and his purposeless stubbornness. Since Lisler never proposed to mount a direct revolt against 232 00:27:34.700 --> 00:27:40.600 King William's authority, his continued balkiness made little sense. 233 00:27:40.600 --> 00:27:46.880 The old oligarchy now moved back in, thirsting for vengeance. Lisler and all his leading 234 00:27:46.880 --> 00:27:52.140 supporters were arrested and imprisoned. On the advice of his counsel, Slaughter quickly 235 00:27:52.140 --> 00:28:07.140 The Theory of Money created a special court with ten supposedly unconcerned judges, four bitter anti-Lislerians and six veteran royal officials and partisans of Androsan's slaughter. 236 00:28:07.140 --> 00:28:21.140 Three of Lisler's most implacable enemies were assigned to prepare the evidence against the Lislerians, and the three prosecuting attorneys were also bitter enemies of the prisoners. 237 00:28:21.140 --> 00:28:32.140 Charges against Leisler and his nine fellow defendants were the maximum, treason and murder, including traitorously levying war upon the king. 238 00:28:32.140 --> 00:28:43.140 Instead of following the usual practice of sending the defendants to England for a sober trial, the enemies of Leisler determined on speedy justice. 239 00:28:43.140 --> 00:28:50.140 To say that the charges, let alone the procedure, were excessively harsh would be an understatement. 240 00:28:50.140 --> 00:28:58.140 After all, Leisler, as Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief, had been acting upon a plausible commission from the King. 241 00:28:58.140 --> 00:29:08.140 The conflict with Ingallsby, on which the charges rested, was a jurisdictional dispute, with legal lines hardly clear-cut. 242 00:29:08.140 --> 00:29:15.140 Yet, by March 31, the ten defendants had been indicted for treason and murder by a grand jury. 243 00:29:15.140 --> 00:29:18.140 The trial proceeded rapidly. 244 00:29:18.140 --> 00:29:40.140 Finally, Leisler, Milborn and six others, Gerardus Beekman, Abraham Gouverneur, Johannes Vermilge, Thomas Williams, Mindert Cortis and Abraham Brasher, were convicted and sentenced to death and their property was confiscated by a bill of attainder. 245 00:29:40.140 --> 00:30:10.140 Numerous other Leislerians, such as Joost Stoll, were indicted for riot. The Leisler jury, incidentally, was as packed as the special court of ten judges. Three of them had been leaders in the attempted June 6 assassination of Leisler. Two of the defendants, however, Peter Delanoi and Samuel Edsel, were acquitted by the jury. This shocked people like Bayard, and later historians have hinted at bribery. 246 00:30:10.140 --> 00:30:19.140 Governor Slaughter, at this point, began to lose his nerve about carrying out these mass executions on his own responsibility. 247 00:30:19.140 --> 00:30:26.140 He therefore reprieved the Six Lesser, Leislerians, and even asked for a royal pardon for them. 248 00:30:26.140 --> 00:30:30.140 The question now was what to do with Leisler and Milborne. 249 00:30:30.140 --> 00:30:40.140 Slaughter's close friend, Nicholas Bayard, now led the pack calling for Leisler's blood as a warning against all future rebellion against the Royal Government. 250 00:30:40.140 --> 00:30:48.140 Three Dutch ministers, close to the old oligarchy, led by Reverend Mr. Selyas, also called for death. 251 00:30:48.140 --> 00:30:59.140 The only minister pleading for reprieve was the Reverend Peter Dale, a Huguenot, who was fined by the new Anti-Lesler Assembly for these activities. 252 00:30:59.140 --> 00:31:05.300 These Activities. Opposing the oligarchs was the voice of the people, who once again rallied 253 00:31:05.300 --> 00:31:11.820 around their former champion. Petitions, with over 1,800 signatures, were circulated calling 254 00:31:11.820 --> 00:31:18.100 for Leisler's reprieve. The sheriffs of Staten Island and other counties were ordered to 255 00:31:18.100 --> 00:31:25.740 arrest anyone circulating petitions for reprieve. Slaughter's council, led by Bayard, was bent 256 00:31:25.740 --> 00:31:32.440 on Death and Overrode the Opposition of the Relatively Disinterested Dudley. The Assembly 257 00:31:32.440 --> 00:31:42.180 agreed and Lisler and Milborne were executed on May 16, 1691. Slaughter was perhaps helped 258 00:31:42.180 --> 00:31:50.400 to decide for execution by a special gift of money from the Anti-Lislarian Assembly. 259 00:31:50.400 --> 00:31:55.300 One interesting story about the hanging is that no carpenter could be found to supply 260 00:31:55.300 --> 00:32:02.540 by a Ladder, which had to be provided by the Reverend Mr. Sellis. If not strictly accurate, 261 00:32:02.540 --> 00:32:09.200 the story is indicative of the depth of popular feeling against the killing of Leisler. The 262 00:32:09.200 --> 00:32:14.480 revolutionary government in Massachusetts was, of course, none too pleased at this potential 263 00:32:14.480 --> 00:32:21.840 precedent. Reverend Increase Mathur declared that the two men were barbarously murdered. 264 00:32:21.840 --> 00:32:27.520 Well, Massachusetts did not, like New York, have to face a strong and vindictive royal 265 00:32:27.520 --> 00:32:29.280 oligarchy. 266 00:32:29.280 --> 00:32:35.720 The upshot of the glorious revolution for New York was that, by the spring of 1691, 267 00:32:35.720 --> 00:32:43.200 the self-governing regime of Leisler was ended and New York was again a royal colony headed 268 00:32:43.200 --> 00:32:48.960 by a royal governor with the old oligarchy back in power. 269 00:32:48.960 --> 00:32:53.200 But the retrogression was only partial. 270 00:32:53.200 --> 00:32:58.480 Slaughter came bearing instructions for New York to have a regularly elected assembly, 271 00:32:58.480 --> 00:33:03.560 an institution which that colony had never really had before. 272 00:33:03.560 --> 00:33:10.440 To this extent, considerable progress had been made since Dungen's pre-dominion government. 273 00:33:10.440 --> 00:33:15.320 The first regular assembly met at the end of March 1691. 274 00:33:15.320 --> 00:33:23.060 While it was anti-Leislerian, its actions of most lasting significance were those repealing 275 00:33:23.060 --> 00:33:29.360 the Cartin Act, the provision for permanent financial support of the government, and the 276 00:33:29.360 --> 00:33:34.500 other acts of Dongan's short-lived assembly of 1683. 277 00:33:34.500 --> 00:33:39.640 The assembly thus placed the governor on notice that though he could call and dissolve it 278 00:33:39.640 --> 00:33:46.520 and at will, he was continually dependent on the assembly for the raising of revenue. 279 00:33:46.520 --> 00:33:52.840 The new assembly also greatly extended the definitions of rebellion and treason to include 280 00:33:52.840 --> 00:33:58.960 such vague offenses as disturbing the peace and quiet of the government. 281 00:33:58.960 --> 00:34:01.720 All land grants were reconfirmed. 282 00:34:01.720 --> 00:34:08.240 The New York City Council passed tighter regulations for carters and made requirements for freemanship 283 00:34:08.240 --> 00:34:10.000 more restrictive. 284 00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:15.840 The oligarchy was in power, but the Lislerians remained active and embittered. 285 00:34:15.840 --> 00:34:21.400 The quarrel was intensified by the numerous damage suits put through by the oligarchy 286 00:34:21.400 --> 00:34:28.000 against the former Lislerian leaders, and Illinois, freed on the treason charge, was 287 00:34:28.000 --> 00:34:33.280 imprisoned by Slaughter for being Lisler's collector of customs. 288 00:34:33.280 --> 00:34:39.600 Governor Slaughter died in the summer of 1691, but his policy of vengeance was continued 289 00:34:39.600 --> 00:34:47.240 in full force by his acting successor, Major Ingelsby, who was selected by the council. 290 00:34:47.240 --> 00:34:55.040 The new governor arriving in late summer 1692 was Benjamin Fletcher, who ruled during the 291 00:34:55.040 --> 00:35:03.060 1690s, sided with the oligarchy, but was not the zealot that Ingelsby was. He finally 292 00:35:03.060 --> 00:35:09.600 He agreed to release the six Lislerian prisoners as well as the minor convicts and to restore 293 00:35:09.600 --> 00:35:16.760 their confiscated estates. But first he forced the Lislerians to admit their guilt and he 294 00:35:16.760 --> 00:35:22.780 arbitrarily voided the election of several of them to the assembly. Fletcher, moreover, 295 00:35:22.780 --> 00:35:28.700 continued to mutter threats of execution against them until they finally secured a full pardon 296 00:35:28.700 --> 00:35:36.600 from the Crown in 1694. Finally, Leiser was fully, though posthumously, vindicated when 297 00:35:36.600 --> 00:35:45.440 Parliament in 1695 retroactively absolved Leisler and Milborne of guilt and annulled 298 00:35:45.440 --> 00:35:51.280 their convictions. The end of turmoil in New York in 1691 still 299 00:35:51.280 --> 00:35:58.500 left the status of post-Glorious Revolution Massachusetts unresolved. By the spring of 300 00:35:58.500 --> 00:36:09.500 In October of 1690, the Crown had dismissed the Massachusetts charges against Andros and his aides, but argument over the permanent settlement continued to rage. 301 00:36:10.500 --> 00:36:21.500 Finally, in October 1691, after almost two years of struggle over the type of new charter to be issued, the Crown promulgated the new Massachusetts Charter. 302 00:36:21.500 --> 00:36:34.500 The new charter, which fixed the course of Massachusetts government for three quarters of a century, was part way between the old charter and the royal absolutism of the Dominion. 303 00:36:34.500 --> 00:36:49.500 On the one hand, the self-government of the old charter was completely buried. Massachusetts was now a royal colony, with a governor and lieutenant governor appointed by the crown, rather than elected by the people. 304 00:36:49.500 --> 00:36:58.500 Furthermore, the Governor was the dominant ruler of the colony. All military and judicial officers were to be appointed by him, with one exception. 305 00:36:58.500 --> 00:37:05.500 Admiralty courts, which enforced customs duties, would still depend on the Crown for their make-up. 306 00:37:05.500 --> 00:37:14.500 Moreover, the Governor could veto any legislation. In addition, the General Court was to be called into being and dissolved at the Governor's command. 307 00:37:14.500 --> 00:37:30.500 On the other hand, in contrast to the totally dictatorial dominion, there was an elected assembly, the House of Representatives, which was to levy taxes and pay the salary of the government officials, including the governor. 308 00:37:30.500 --> 00:37:35.500 This power over government salaries was a mighty weapon for the House to wield. 309 00:37:35.500 --> 00:37:49.500 The council, the upper house of the general court, was to be elected indirectly by the whole general court rather than by the people, old charter, or, royally appointed, the dominion. 310 00:37:49.500 --> 00:37:57.500 Its membership, however, was subject to the governor's veto, giving him substantial control over its affairs. 311 00:37:57.500 --> 00:38:02.500 Furthermore, the new council was not nearly as powerful as the old council of assistants. 312 00:38:02.500 --> 00:38:13.500 The latter's judicial powers were transferred to a new, appointed, Supreme Court, and its executive powers shifted to the new governor. 313 00:38:13.500 --> 00:38:23.500 Royal control was further provided by giving the king a veto of legislation, and the power of appeal of major judicial decisions in the colony. 314 00:38:23.500 --> 00:38:31.260 In short, as a royal colony, Massachusetts formal political structure was quite close 315 00:38:31.260 --> 00:38:38.420 to that of Virginia or even of New York, especially after its newly formed assembly exerted itself 316 00:38:38.420 --> 00:38:40.780 against the executive. 317 00:38:40.780 --> 00:38:47.220 One of the most momentous features of the Massachusetts Charter of 1691 was its change 318 00:38:47.220 --> 00:38:49.620 in the requirement for voting. 319 00:38:49.620 --> 00:38:58.380 The sole test was now either a modest freehold property yielding 40 shillings in annual rent, 320 00:38:58.380 --> 00:39:05.740 or any property, personal or landed, with a total value of 40 pounds sterling. 321 00:39:05.740 --> 00:39:11.620 No longer did Puritan Church members have exclusive or even discriminatory rights to 322 00:39:11.620 --> 00:39:12.620 vote. 323 00:39:12.620 --> 00:39:18.620 Now everyone could vote who met the property qualifications, pitched so low as to make 324 00:39:18.620 --> 00:39:28.620 Professor Robert E. Brown investigated the effect of the property qualification on voting eligibility. 325 00:39:28.620 --> 00:39:36.620 He found that in the 18th century, with over 90% of the people of Massachusetts being farmers and artisans, 326 00:39:36.620 --> 00:39:42.620 owning their own farms, and with the average farm ranging from 80 to 180 acres, 327 00:39:42.620 --> 00:40:12.620 and the Great Bulk of the small number of town laborers were, even in the late 18th century, let alone the late 17th, artists and entrepreneurs, rather than wage workers in the modern sense. Generally, the establishment of a small town laborer in the late 18th century was more than the minimum. 328 00:40:12.620 --> 00:40:17.620 The states of even the humblest artisans were far above the voting minimum. 329 00:40:17.620 --> 00:40:24.620 A lethal blow had at long last been delivered to the Puritan theocracy. 330 00:40:24.620 --> 00:40:30.620 Liberty of conscience was granted by the Charter to all Christians except Catholics. 331 00:40:30.620 --> 00:40:37.620 The vital land question was amicably settled by automatically reconfirming New England land titles 332 00:40:37.620 --> 00:40:43.120 and by not requiring quit rents on any land to be granted in the future. 333 00:40:43.120 --> 00:40:48.960 All mineral rights were happily granted to the colony, but the king reserved to himself 334 00:40:48.960 --> 00:40:55.580 all trees with a diameter larger than two feet for the use of the Royal Navy. 335 00:40:55.580 --> 00:41:01.220 As a sweetener to Massachusetts for the deprivation of its old self-government, the new charter 336 00:41:01.220 --> 00:41:21.460 The Mason claims, as we have seen, kept New Hampshire as an independent royal colony, with 337 00:41:21.460 --> 00:41:26.980 the people struggling against the gubernatorial rule of the proprietary claimant. 338 00:41:26.980 --> 00:41:32.900 Long without an agent in England to defend its interest, Plymouth, the old mother colony, 339 00:41:32.900 --> 00:41:38.660 met its demise, suffering the same fate at the hands of Massachusetts as New Haven had 340 00:41:38.660 --> 00:41:44.540 at the hands of Connecticut three decades before. Plymouth's general court met for 341 00:41:44.540 --> 00:41:52.580 the last time in July 1692. Before dissolving, it set aside a day to be kept as a day of 342 00:41:52.580 --> 00:41:56.580 of Solemn Fasting and Humiliation. 343 00:41:56.580 --> 00:42:02.320 Apart from Massachusetts' territorial expansion, the only remaining remnant of the dominion 344 00:42:02.320 --> 00:42:08.980 concept was the Charter's Grant to Massachusetts of command over the militia of all the New 345 00:42:08.980 --> 00:42:15.980 England colonies. But this attempt at centralized command proved to be ineffective, as the colonists 346 00:42:15.980 --> 00:42:23.720 refuse to serve outside their own colonies. Elijah Cook and Thomas Oates, Massachusetts 347 00:42:23.720 --> 00:42:29.420 agents in England, were too embittered to agree to the new charter. But Reverend Increase 348 00:42:29.420 --> 00:42:36.220 Mather decided to swallow his chagrin, particularly at granting the vote to non-Puritans, and 349 00:42:36.220 --> 00:42:41.860 to lead the colony to acceptance of the new dispensation. He and his friends of the ruling 350 00:43:11.860 --> 00:43:17.580 Thomas Danforth was selected as Lieutenant Governor. Committed to the new dispensation, 351 00:43:17.580 --> 00:43:23.540 Mather brought back into the Council Waite Winthrop and others of the old Merchant Opportunists 352 00:43:23.540 --> 00:43:29.700 and excluded several of the most hard-line advocates of the old charter. These included 353 00:43:29.700 --> 00:43:37.140 such determined men of principle as Cook, Oates and their leader Thomas Danforth. Finally, 354 00:43:37.140 --> 00:43:45.020 Sips, with Mather, arrived in Boston to take charge in May 1692. During its first session 355 00:43:45.020 --> 00:43:50.580 in that year, the new general court completed the framework that was to rule Massachusetts 356 00:43:50.580 --> 00:43:57.900 until the end of the 18th century. One law chartered town corporations, another established 357 00:43:57.900 --> 00:44:04.460 the framework of representation in elections for the new general court. A common myth about 358 00:44:04.460 --> 00:44:11.460 This framework, much propagated by later writers, asserts that the seaboard towns were over-represented 359 00:44:12.020 --> 00:44:19.020 in the general court, and that this malapportionment was perpetuated during the following century, 360 00:44:19.700 --> 00:44:26.700 giving ever greater over-representation to the merchant aristocracy of the seaboard towns, 361 00:44:26.780 --> 00:44:31.500 as against the newer and smaller agricultural towns. 362 00:44:31.500 --> 00:44:36.780 In the first place, we have noted that the forty shilling or forty pound property qualification 363 00:44:36.780 --> 00:44:45.300 was again contrary to later myths, low enough to allow almost everyone to vote. Therefore, 364 00:44:45.300 --> 00:44:52.380 if the seaboard did dominate, it was a domination based upon the votes of the seaboard's average 365 00:44:52.380 --> 00:44:59.500 man. But second, this plausible contention, plausible because population in fact moved 366 00:44:59.500 --> 00:45:05.700 Westward from the Seaboard and a democracy will almost inevitably over-represent older 367 00:45:05.700 --> 00:45:11.060 sections turns out to be the reverse of the truth. 368 00:45:11.060 --> 00:45:16.700 For the 1692 apportionment law laid down the following rules. 369 00:45:16.700 --> 00:45:23.700 A town with less than 40 eligible voters could send one representative to the House if it 370 00:45:23.700 --> 00:45:27.020 desired, but this was not compulsory. 371 00:45:27.020 --> 00:45:34.020 A town of more than forty qualified voters was compelled to send a representative. A 372 00:45:34.020 --> 00:45:41.220 town of over one hundred twenty eligible voters could send two delegates, but was forced to 373 00:45:41.220 --> 00:45:48.340 send at least one. Furthermore, no town, regardless of size, could send more than two delegates 374 00:45:48.340 --> 00:45:56.140 except Boston, which could send four. Note that this basic law of 1692, which remained 375 00:45:56.140 --> 00:46:06.140 was essentially in effect until 1775. Far from privileging the large old towns did precisely the opposite. 376 00:46:06.140 --> 00:46:12.140 Any new town was entitled to a representative, but no town could have more than two. 377 00:46:12.140 --> 00:46:21.140 This ensured substantial over-representation of the smaller agricultural towns as against the larger seaport areas, 378 00:46:21.140 --> 00:46:32.140 and it also ensured that as new small towns were added over the years, this agricultural small town over representation would be intensified. 379 00:46:32.140 --> 00:46:41.140 It is intriguing that, far from complaining about discrimination, the larger towns were quite satisfied with this arrangement, 380 00:46:41.140 --> 00:46:47.740 Whereas it was the smaller towns that were constantly trying to reduce their own representation 381 00:46:47.740 --> 00:46:51.580 to evade the necessity of sending delegates. 382 00:46:51.580 --> 00:46:58.580 It must be concluded that in those days of small pay for legislators, the cost of sending 383 00:46:58.580 --> 00:47:03.740 a delegate to Boston was greater than the benefits resulting. 384 00:47:03.740 --> 00:47:10.260 A startling testimony to the low degree of state intervention in Massachusetts society 385 00:47:10.260 --> 00:47:16.060 during the eighteenth century. For the absence of privileges and benefits from sharing in 386 00:47:16.060 --> 00:47:23.740 state power indicates that the overall impact of that power on society and the economy must 387 00:47:23.740 --> 00:47:30.900 have been low indeed. Another basic law passed in 1692 established the new framework for 388 00:47:30.900 --> 00:47:37.460 town government in Massachusetts. As developed in this and later acts, the town meeting had 389 00:47:37.460 --> 00:47:44.300 many highly democratic and liberal features, notably annual elections to ensure very frequent 390 00:47:44.300 --> 00:47:51.300 popular checks on municipal officials. Also, the provision that any ten persons could place 391 00:47:51.740 --> 00:47:58.740 an item on the town meeting agenda. By this period, the town proprietors had little political 392 00:47:58.860 --> 00:48:05.860 say-so, rule being exercised by the freemen of the town. It is, again, another heralded 393 00:48:05.860 --> 00:48:11.820 There heralded myth that town voting was more democratic than voting for representatives. 394 00:48:11.820 --> 00:48:13.620 Quite the contrary. 395 00:48:13.620 --> 00:48:19.320 Although relative quantities fluctuated because of changes in money value, in the basic law 396 00:48:19.320 --> 00:48:26.140 the property qualifications for town voting, while still low, averaged about 25 percent 397 00:48:26.140 --> 00:48:29.520 higher than for provincial voting. 398 00:48:29.520 --> 00:48:36.540 As a result, the best estimate is that under this basic law, the town franchise comprised 399 00:48:36.540 --> 00:48:46.020 75 to 80 percent of the males, as compared to well over 90 percent for provincial elections. 400 00:48:46.020 --> 00:48:51.860 The brutal domination of the Puritan theocracy, having faded under compelling pressures during 401 00:48:51.860 --> 00:48:56.820 three decades, had now been eliminated. 402 00:48:56.820 --> 00:49:03.020 No longer could the Puritan theocrats hang Quakers or persecute heretics. 403 00:49:03.020 --> 00:49:07.760 No longer could they compel people to attend the Puritan Church. 404 00:49:07.760 --> 00:49:14.880 No more could they preclude non-Puritans from voting in town or provincial elections. 405 00:49:14.880 --> 00:49:20.820 The watchful eye of the royal governor and the rising influence of the far more worldly, 406 00:49:20.820 --> 00:49:27.740 So nominally, Puritan merchants would be there to prevent a resurrection. 407 00:49:27.740 --> 00:49:32.300 What was the reaction of the Puritans to this new charter? 408 00:49:32.300 --> 00:49:37.740 The basic reaction of the Puritans to their bitter defeat was to fall back on a second 409 00:49:37.740 --> 00:49:40.080 line of defense. 410 00:49:40.080 --> 00:49:45.760 If they could no longer persecute Anglicans or Quakers, they could at least establish 411 00:49:45.760 --> 00:49:52.760 the Puritan Church and have the satisfaction of forcing the unbelievers to pay for Puritan 412 00:49:52.760 --> 00:49:54.960 Church support. 413 00:49:54.960 --> 00:49:57.800 The Puritans lost no time in so doing. 414 00:49:57.800 --> 00:50:04.800 A law of 1692 forced each town to pay for or maintain one or more Puritan ministers. 415 00:50:05.960 --> 00:50:09.480 All taxpayers were forced to pay for their support. 416 00:50:09.480 --> 00:50:15.840 The first year, all the taxpayers of each town being forced to finance their local Puritan 417 00:50:15.840 --> 00:50:22.460 ministers were entitled to choose their own. But the following year, 1693, the choice 418 00:50:22.460 --> 00:50:29.320 of its minister was placed on each congregation to be ratified by town taxpayers and attendees 419 00:50:29.320 --> 00:50:37.080 of the church. In 1694, the Puritan establishment tightened further. A group of ministers protested 420 00:50:37.080 --> 00:50:41.440 that non-Puritans were blocking ratification of ministers. 421 00:50:41.440 --> 00:50:47.880 The General Court obligingly provided that a council of local Puritan elders could keep 422 00:50:47.880 --> 00:50:53.160 a minister in office regardless of the vote of the town freemen. 423 00:50:53.160 --> 00:50:59.840 As a corollary to the establishment of the Puritan Church, a law of 1692 also forced 424 00:50:59.840 --> 00:51:03.160 every town to hire a schoolmaster. 425 00:51:03.160 --> 00:51:08.160 was an attempt to erect a network of public education in the colony. 426 00:51:08.160 --> 00:51:13.160 If the Puritans could no longer force everyone to attend their churches, 427 00:51:13.160 --> 00:51:17.160 they could at least impose Sunday Blue Laws on all. 428 00:51:17.160 --> 00:51:24.160 A law of 1692 prohibited all work, games, travel and entertainment on the Sabbath. 429 00:51:24.160 --> 00:51:30.160 Violations were punishable by fine, stocks, whipping or jail. 430 00:51:30.160 --> 00:51:37.160 But enforcement of these edicts became an increasingly aggravating problem.