WEBVTT NOTE 64. Government Returns to Pennsylvania 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:07.000 Volume 1, Chapter 64, Government Returns to Pennsylvania 2 00:00:07.000 --> 00:00:13.960 Let us now return to the situation of Pennsylvania in 1690. We have seen that by almost unanimous 3 00:00:13.960 --> 00:00:19.840 resistance of the Quaker colony, Governor Blackwell's harsh attempt to re-impose a 4 00:00:19.840 --> 00:00:27.960 state on an essentially anarchist Pennsylvania had failed ignominiously. Blackwell was forced 5 00:00:27.960 --> 00:00:57.960 The Assembly in the Spring of 1690 refused to vote funds to aid Governor Penn. It also ignored a request from Jacob Leisler to help fight the French in King William's War, when a former Black Wellite, Secretary William Markham, asked for a governmental organization of the colony to provide for military defense against a supposed French and Indian threat, which never materialized. 6 00:00:57.960 --> 00:01:08.960 The Council preserved the anarchist status of the colony by replying that any people interested might provide for their own defense at their own expense. 7 00:01:08.960 --> 00:01:13.960 And even so, any militia had to be obedient to civil authority. 8 00:01:13.960 --> 00:01:17.960 This effectively killed the idea of a militia in the colony. 9 00:01:17.960 --> 00:01:24.960 The militiamongers were reluctant to pay for the services that they professed to desire so ardently. 10 00:01:24.960 --> 00:01:33.560 Furthermore, the Assembly and Council continued their pre-1688 practice of rarely meeting, 11 00:01:33.560 --> 00:01:38.480 of doing little even then, and therefore of rarely governing. 12 00:01:38.480 --> 00:01:44.400 But William Penn, the absent proprietor, was not disposed to let Pennsylvania continue 13 00:01:44.400 --> 00:01:47.760 in this anarchistic idol. 14 00:01:47.760 --> 00:01:54.360 In March 1691, the colony received a message from Penn announcing his aim of appointing 15 00:01:54.360 --> 00:02:00.060 of Giving a Deputy Governor and of Giving Pennsylvania the Option of Naming its Ruler. 16 00:02:00.060 --> 00:02:06.720 Penn expressed a preference for a five-man commission of state to serve as deputy governor, 17 00:02:06.720 --> 00:02:12.320 but the Pennsylvania Council overruled him and chose Thomas Lloyd, the great leader of 18 00:02:12.320 --> 00:02:15.040 the anti-Blackwell resistance. 19 00:02:15.040 --> 00:02:18.120 Lloyd assumed his new post in April. 20 00:02:18.120 --> 00:02:23.480 With the accession of a continuous government official, government, unfortunately, was back 21 00:02:23.480 --> 00:02:35.800 The assembly and council still met infrequently, and there was still no taxation in the colony. 22 00:02:35.800 --> 00:02:42.080 In the meanwhile, the leading political dispute centered on the three lower counties of non-Quaker 23 00:02:42.080 --> 00:02:43.080 Delaware. 24 00:02:43.080 --> 00:02:49.440 Delaware, eager for self-government of its own, objected to all of its judges being named 25 00:02:49.440 --> 00:02:52.540 by the central government in Philadelphia. 26 00:02:52.540 --> 00:02:58.980 This dispute, becoming prominent in late 1690, reached its high point when Pennsylvania was 27 00:02:58.980 --> 00:03:05.980 forced to re-assume government. Now a single governor would appoint Delaware's officials. 28 00:03:06.740 --> 00:03:13.200 Bitter at this turn of affairs and at the idea of a tax to support a Pennsylvania governor, 29 00:03:13.200 --> 00:03:19.540 the Delaware counties immediately decided to secede and found their own self-governing 30 00:03:19.540 --> 00:03:49.540 The reimposition of government had directly provoked secession by Delaware. Governor Lloyd did his best to induce the seceding counties to return, promising in fact that they would never be forced by the central government to pay any of his salary, and that they would be allowed full local self-government without central interference. Delaware preferred, however, to assure itself of non-interference by remaining independent. 31 00:03:49.540 --> 00:03:55.540 Finally, a compromise was reached in the winter of 1691-92. 32 00:03:55.540 --> 00:04:03.540 William Penn agreed to appoint two deputy governors, Lloyd in Pennsylvania, Markham in Delaware. 33 00:04:03.540 --> 00:04:09.540 These executives would control their respective appointments of officials as well as local matters, 34 00:04:09.540 --> 00:04:15.540 while both areas agreed to elect representatives to a joint council and a general assembly. 35 00:04:15.540 --> 00:04:21.700 and the Federal Assembly. Pennsylvania-Delaware now had two sets of executive officials and 36 00:04:21.700 --> 00:04:29.420 a common legislature. Although a permanent government now existed and had nominal power, 37 00:04:29.420 --> 00:04:35.940 Pennsylvania society was still quasi-anarchic, since no taxes were yet being levied by the 38 00:04:35.940 --> 00:04:41.780 government. The government was still being wholly supported by voluntary subsidization 39 00:04:41.780 --> 00:04:49.860 from the Proprietor. But in April 1692, the Council had passed a new bill for the re-establishment 40 00:04:49.860 --> 00:04:56.660 of taxation. Making this a particularly bitter blow was Governor Lloyd's concurrence in 41 00:04:56.660 --> 00:05:02.860 the bill. The specific tax proposal was one penny per pound of property, or less than 42 00:05:02.860 --> 00:05:10.740 25 hundredths percent, with a minimum payment of two shillings. With the May Assembly, always 43 00:05:10.740 --> 00:05:17.200 Is the great stronghold of libertarianism ratify this drastic and far-reaching proposal 44 00:05:17.200 --> 00:05:20.540 to reintroduce taxation? 45 00:05:20.540 --> 00:05:26.500 The freemen of Philadelphia and Chester sent the assembly petitions strongly protesting 46 00:05:26.500 --> 00:05:28.560 the proposed tax. 47 00:05:28.560 --> 00:05:34.660 The petitioners urged the assemblymen to keep their country free from bondage and slavery 48 00:05:34.660 --> 00:05:41.380 and avoiding such ill methods as may render themselves in posterity liable thereto. 49 00:05:41.380 --> 00:05:48.260 Heeding these protests, the assembly proved itself still a stronghold of liberty and ended 50 00:05:48.260 --> 00:05:55.700 its session without passing any tax law. Unable to collect quit rents or impose taxes, 51 00:05:56.340 --> 00:06:02.260 William Penn, rapidly losing money in his support of the Pennsylvania government, 52 00:06:02.260 --> 00:06:11.260 cried poverty and begged the Quakers of Pennsylvania in early 1693 to lend him 10,000 pounds. 53 00:06:11.260 --> 00:06:18.260 But the practical Quakers saw no sense in making such an enormous loan at heavy risk, 54 00:06:18.260 --> 00:06:25.260 heavy not only because of Penn's financial straits, but also because of his shaky position at court, 55 00:06:25.260 --> 00:06:31.260 owing to his friendship with the deposed James II. The loan request failed. 56 00:06:31.260 --> 00:06:41.260 With the government treasury literally empty, Lloyd had to refuse the request of New York for funds to prosecute the war against New France. 57 00:06:41.260 --> 00:06:53.260 In 1691 and again in 1693, Lloyd replied that there was no public treasury and that he himself was in great financial difficulty from lack of tax support. 58 00:06:53.260 --> 00:07:03.260 At about this time, George Keith began to exert a great impact on Pennsylvania and on the neighboring Quaker colony of West New Jersey. 59 00:07:03.260 --> 00:07:13.260 A scholarly Scottish Quaker, Keith had as Surveyor General immigrated to East New Jersey in the mid-1680s. 60 00:07:13.260 --> 00:07:19.260 He soon established himself as the outstanding Quaker minister of the Middle Colonies. 61 00:07:19.260 --> 00:07:26.580 of Colonies. But strong differences with the regular Quakers soon became evident. Religiously 62 00:07:26.580 --> 00:07:33.540 far more conservative, Keith leaned toward Presbyterianism, toward formal articles of 63 00:07:33.540 --> 00:07:40.860 creed, institutions of elders and deacons, and emphasis on scripture rather than on inner 64 00:07:40.860 --> 00:07:47.480 light. Politically, Keith also was different from the regular Quakers. He was considerably 65 00:07:47.480 --> 00:07:56.580 Having moved to Philadelphia in 1689 and become the Quaker schoolmaster there, Keith 66 00:07:56.580 --> 00:08:01.320 was stimulated by the anarchistic condition of the colony. 67 00:08:01.320 --> 00:08:09.400 He concluded logically that all participation in government was countered to Quaker principles. 68 00:08:09.400 --> 00:08:14.360 Keith's fervor was particularly stimulated by Pennsylvania's return to government in 69 00:08:14.360 --> 00:08:21.660 In the spring of 1691, and even before 1691, Quakers served at least intermittently as 70 00:08:21.660 --> 00:08:28.020 government counselors in the colony. How, asked Keith, could a Quaker minister, like 71 00:08:28.020 --> 00:08:34.880 Thomas Lloyd or Samuel Jennings, during these years living in Pennsylvania, professing belief 72 00:08:34.880 --> 00:08:42.700 in non-violence, serve as a magistrate at all? Keith, in short, wished to press on from 73 00:08:42.700 --> 00:08:51.080 From Quaker non-violence to pure individualistic anarchism of the non-violent variety. 74 00:08:51.080 --> 00:08:56.240 With the religious and especially the political disagreements between the two groups of Quakers 75 00:08:56.240 --> 00:09:02.640 ever intensifying, the split finally became open in the spring of 1692. 76 00:09:02.640 --> 00:09:09.880 The Keithians, now calling themselves Christian Quakers, left the standard body of Quakers. 77 00:09:09.880 --> 00:09:15.200 Since they struggled for influence over the body of the faithful, feeling ran high between 78 00:09:15.200 --> 00:09:17.540 the two Quaker factions. 79 00:09:17.540 --> 00:09:23.880 In September, the Keithian Quakers were expelled and formed their own organization. 80 00:09:23.880 --> 00:09:29.600 After being persecuted so widely for religious differences, how did the Quakers react to 81 00:09:29.600 --> 00:09:32.280 a split in their own ranks? 82 00:09:32.280 --> 00:09:36.280 Unfortunately, not very differently from other groups. 83 00:09:36.280 --> 00:09:40.980 The Keithians had drawn up a statement of their political and religious position and 84 00:09:40.980 --> 00:09:49.440 William Bradford, the only printer in Philadelphia, and a Keithian, printed the document. In reply, 85 00:09:49.440 --> 00:09:55.280 the Quaker officials arrested Bradford and the distributor of the pamphlet, John McComb, 86 00:09:55.280 --> 00:10:01.240 on the charge of printing unlicensed books without including the name of the printer. 87 00:10:01.240 --> 00:10:07.600 The Quaker magistrates confiscated the press and type of Bradford and withdrew McCombs' 88 00:10:07.600 --> 00:10:14.160 license as a retailer. The Quaker government might not yet be able to levy taxes, but it 89 00:10:14.160 --> 00:10:20.160 was now indeed a government with a vengeance. And from being the persecuted, the Quakers 90 00:10:20.160 --> 00:10:23.440 had now become the persecutors. 91 00:10:23.440 --> 00:10:28.960 Keith was naturally bitter. He protested the cruel treatment meted out to the two men and 92 00:10:28.960 --> 00:10:35.120 and denounced Governor Lloyd, Samuel Jennings and the other magistrates on the council. 93 00:10:35.120 --> 00:10:39.860 Although Keith tried to mitigate his offense in the eyes of the government by calling the 94 00:10:39.860 --> 00:10:45.840 quarrel strictly a religious one, the government issued a proclamation against Keith at the 95 00:10:45.840 --> 00:10:51.300 end of August. The magistrates demanded that Keith stop making speeches and publishing 96 00:10:51.300 --> 00:10:57.540 pamphlets that have a tendency to sedition and disturbance of the peace, as also to the 97 00:10:57.540 --> 00:11:03.240 The Subversion of the Present Government When the Keithians persisted in their protest, 98 00:11:03.240 --> 00:11:10.860 the grand jury in October 1692 indicted three Keithian leaders, including Keith, for writing 99 00:11:10.860 --> 00:11:17.140 a book denouncing Jennings and the other magistrates. The jury, incidentally, was packed with friends 100 00:11:17.140 --> 00:11:24.040 of Jennings. And Keith fittingly accused his enemies of constituting the judge and jury 101 00:11:24.040 --> 00:11:26.720 as well as the prosecution. 102 00:11:26.720 --> 00:11:31.320 Keith also pointed out that Quakers never should go to court and thus resort to the 103 00:11:31.320 --> 00:11:37.480 use of violence, but should always settle their disputes peacefully and voluntarily. 104 00:11:37.480 --> 00:11:43.480 The three men, however, were convicted and fined, though the fines were never paid, and 105 00:11:43.480 --> 00:11:48.720 they were denied the right to appeal to the council or to the provincial court. 106 00:11:48.720 --> 00:11:55.020 Keith's charges that ministers were being judges and were using governmental authority 107 00:11:55.020 --> 00:12:02.200 to suppress religious liberty must have seemed all too familiar to the colonists in America. 108 00:12:02.200 --> 00:12:08.040 While the dispute over the Keithians was raging in the colonies, William Penn was, as a close 109 00:12:08.040 --> 00:12:14.800 friend of the deposed James II, in deep political trouble in England. 110 00:12:14.800 --> 00:12:21.780 King William was also peeved at the anarchistic conditions in the colony and angered, as rulers 111 00:12:21.780 --> 00:12:26.080 always are, at the Quaker principles of pacifism. 112 00:12:26.080 --> 00:12:32.320 Moreover, the King was anxious to weld the northern colonies into a fighting force for 113 00:12:32.320 --> 00:12:34.280 attacking the French. 114 00:12:34.280 --> 00:12:39.680 A pacifistic, virtually unarmed colony hardly suited his purpose. 115 00:12:39.680 --> 00:12:50.680 Consequently, when Benjamin Fletcher was named Governor of New York in late 1692, he was also named Governor of Pennsylvania and Delaware. 116 00:12:50.680 --> 00:12:53.680 Pennsylvania was now a royal colony. 117 00:12:53.680 --> 00:13:00.680 William Penn courageously tried to raise a resistance in Pennsylvania against this invasion by royal officials. 118 00:13:00.680 --> 00:13:07.200 The colonist, however, cared little about the proprietary and became critical of Fletcher 119 00:13:07.200 --> 00:13:10.920 only when he tried to reimpose taxation on the colony. 120 00:13:10.920 --> 00:13:18.400 Fletcher formally assumed the reins of government in Pennsylvania in April 1693. 121 00:13:18.400 --> 00:13:24.220 As in the other royal colonies, the council was now appointed by the governor instead 122 00:13:24.220 --> 00:13:30.260 of Being Elected by the People, and laws could now be vetoed by the Crown. 123 00:13:30.260 --> 00:13:36.860 Fletcher's appointments took the Council out of Quaker control. Of the nine new councillors 124 00:13:36.860 --> 00:13:43.320 only four were Quakers and two of these were Keithians. One immediately beneficial result 125 00:13:43.320 --> 00:13:50.380 of the new regime was the freeing of Keith and his friends, and the restoration to Bradford 126 00:13:50.380 --> 00:14:05.900 of His Confiscated Press. With Keith's return to England, the Keithian movement, deprived 127 00:14:05.900 --> 00:14:13.780 of its founder, began to disintegrate. Some Keithians drifted into pietism, others became 128 00:14:13.780 --> 00:14:20.140 Baptist or Anglicans By the late 1690s, the only Keithian remnants 129 00:14:20.140 --> 00:14:27.540 were in Burlington, capital of West New Jersey. In addition, there were some Baptist Quakers 130 00:14:27.540 --> 00:14:35.260 in Pennsylvania. In 1700, Keith himself delivered the lethal blow to the movement by converting 131 00:14:35.260 --> 00:14:42.680 to Anglicanism. Shortly thereafter, he became an ardent Anglican minister and a missionary 132 00:14:42.680 --> 00:14:50.600 to America. It is ironic that in these later years, their individualistic anarchism forgotten, 133 00:14:50.600 --> 00:14:57.260 George Keith and William Bradford, now ardent Anglicans, helped to impose a year's imprisonment 134 00:14:57.260 --> 00:15:03.280 on Reverend Samuel Bounds of Long Island, on grounds of sedition against the established 135 00:15:03.280 --> 00:15:09.960 Anglican Church of New York. Fletcher appointed William Markham as his Lieutenant Governor. 136 00:15:09.960 --> 00:15:15.800 Now the de facto operating head of the colony, Markham was the leader of the old Blackwell 137 00:15:15.800 --> 00:15:21.360 clique. At this time the Quakers were taken up with the Keithian schism and could not 138 00:15:21.360 --> 00:15:30.360 form a fully unified or consistently libertarian opposition to royal or Markhamite rule. Fletcher 139 00:15:30.360 --> 00:15:35.800 did not succeed in imposing a militia on Pennsylvania, although there were some formations in the 140 00:15:35.800 --> 00:15:41.600 in the Delaware counties. He believed that his main mission there was imposing taxation 141 00:15:41.600 --> 00:15:48.480 on Pennsylvania in order to raise funds for the New York war against New France. Fletcher 142 00:15:48.480 --> 00:15:53.880 convened the assembly in May and speciously argued that any taxes it might provide him 143 00:15:53.880 --> 00:16:00.920 for war would go for non-belligerent uses and shall not be dipped in blood. The argument 144 00:16:00.920 --> 00:16:06.920 was deceptive because military funds must always be divided between strictly belligerent 145 00:16:06.920 --> 00:16:13.400 and supportive non-belligerent uses, and any aid to the latter frees additional funds for 146 00:16:13.400 --> 00:16:20.240 the former. Fletcher was able to drive through a tax bill, but not by this reasoning. He 147 00:16:20.240 --> 00:16:26.700 succeeded because he and the Council had the power to reconfirm or not reconfirm all the 148 00:16:26.700 --> 00:16:32.300 the existing laws of Pennsylvania. To save the colony's legal structure, as well as 149 00:16:32.300 --> 00:16:39.600 ward off a threatened annexation by New York, the Assembly finally and reluctantly passed 150 00:16:39.600 --> 00:16:47.740 a tax bill. Taxes had arrived at last in Pennsylvania, and the unique glory of that colony was now 151 00:16:47.740 --> 00:16:55.540 no more. Pennsylvanians, like everyone else, now suffered the burdens of taxation. As might 152 00:16:55.540 --> 00:17:08.540 As might be expected, taxation was still very low. A tax of one penny per pound had been levied on all real and personal property, and a six shilling tax on those without assessed property. 153 00:17:08.540 --> 00:17:22.540 Fletcher, interested less in the principles involved in taxation versus no taxation than in raising money for the war with Canada, was highly disappointed with this trifling amount of money. 154 00:17:22.540 --> 00:17:26.540 He believed it a petty introduction of future supply. 155 00:17:26.540 --> 00:17:31.540 Of the tax raised, half went to Fletcher and the other half to the Crown. 156 00:17:31.540 --> 00:17:38.540 Furthermore, the Assembly refused to agree to vote funds for salaries for the Upper House. 157 00:17:38.540 --> 00:17:46.540 Riding home, Fletcher denounced the pacifism of the unarmed Quakers as well as their resistance to any militia. 158 00:17:46.540 --> 00:17:54.100 The assembly gained in power during the Fletcher regime because the new rules gave it the authority 159 00:17:54.100 --> 00:18:01.980 to initiate legislation. On the other hand, the council, so powerful a body before, now 160 00:18:01.980 --> 00:18:09.180 became a virtual puppet of the governor, functioning as it did on his appointment and renewal. 161 00:18:09.180 --> 00:18:15.200 Between the spring of 1693, when taxes were first imposed, and the assembly session the 162 00:18:15.200 --> 00:18:21.280 In the following spring, the government collected a little over half of its tax quota. Of the 163 00:18:21.280 --> 00:18:27.560 three Delaware counties, Kent paid more than three-quarters of its assessment and Sussex 164 00:18:27.560 --> 00:18:34.480 about one-half. Northernmost New Castle County paid nothing. Of the three counties of Pennsylvania 165 00:18:34.480 --> 00:18:41.020 proper, Philadelphia paid over three-quarters of its assessment, Chester paid 90 percent 166 00:18:41.020 --> 00:18:48.020 and Bucks County paid nothing. In May 1694, Fletcher urged the assembly to increase its 167 00:18:48.020 --> 00:18:54.780 tax revenue for war purposes. But not only did the assembly continue the tax at the same 168 00:18:54.780 --> 00:19:01.240 rate, it also decided to allocate almost half of the revenue for the personal use of Lloyd 169 00:19:01.240 --> 00:19:08.240 and Markham for past services as deputy governors. This infuriated Fletcher, because it promised 170 00:19:08.240 --> 00:19:13.680 was promised to deprive him and the Crown of the whole revenue. 171 00:19:13.680 --> 00:19:18.800 When Fletcher denied that the Assembly could raise taxes except for giving to the Crown, 172 00:19:18.800 --> 00:19:24.720 the Assembly retorted that it could appropriate money as it saw fit. 173 00:19:24.720 --> 00:19:29.960 Fletcher berated the Assembly for neglecting the Crown's request to defend the province 174 00:19:29.960 --> 00:19:33.960 and angrily dissolved the Assembly. 175 00:19:33.960 --> 00:19:38.400 had again gone from Pennsylvania. 176 00:19:38.400 --> 00:19:44.720 Even though Fletcher had managed to enforce a monopoly of ferry service upon the Schuylkill, 177 00:19:44.720 --> 00:19:51.640 a monopoly which had been granted by Pennsylvania, and to suppress two competing ferries, the 178 00:19:51.640 --> 00:19:57.800 dissolution of the assembly now made him lose interest in Pennsylvania. If he could not 179 00:19:57.800 --> 00:20:03.640 To not raise money there, he saw no point in worrying about the affairs of the province. 180 00:20:03.640 --> 00:20:10.640 The colony returned to its former quasi-anarchist state with no taxes and a council that did 181 00:20:10.640 --> 00:20:13.240 little and met infrequently. 182 00:20:13.240 --> 00:20:21.040 Meanwhile, William Penn was campaigning energetically for return of the province to his ownership. 183 00:20:21.040 --> 00:20:27.760 He abjectly promised the Crown that Pennsylvania would be good, that it would levy taxes for 184 00:20:27.760 --> 00:20:34.760 for War, raise a militia and obey royal orders like the other dutiful colonies. He also promised 185 00:20:35.320 --> 00:20:41.080 that he would continue Fletcher's laws and keep Markham, well-liked by the Crown, as 186 00:20:41.080 --> 00:20:48.080 his deputy governor. As a result of this cajolery, the Crown restored Pennsylvania to William 187 00:20:48.560 --> 00:20:55.560 Penn in the summer of 1694. William Penn was as good as his word. By the spring of 1695, 188 00:20:55.560 --> 00:21:03.080 In 1895, William Markham was installed as deputy governor under the restored proprietary. 189 00:21:03.080 --> 00:21:09.520 The people of Pennsylvania had long been independent in spirit from the proprietary. Penn's surrender 190 00:21:09.520 --> 00:21:15.300 of all Quaker principles in order to resume his proprietorship as well as to extract quid 191 00:21:15.300 --> 00:21:21.460 rents was hardly calculated to endear him further to the colony. Reverting back to its 192 00:21:21.460 --> 00:21:33.820 At its first meeting in the spring of 1695, Markham revealed that his major aim was the 193 00:21:33.820 --> 00:21:40.900 old one of Fletcher's, imposing taxation on the colony for prosecuting the war against 194 00:21:40.900 --> 00:21:47.700 New France. The Council proved, however, that the spirit of liberty and independence in 195 00:21:47.700 --> 00:21:55.500 When Pennsylvania had not slackened, it refused to consider any tax or militia bill, and Markham 196 00:21:55.500 --> 00:21:58.540 could only end the session. 197 00:21:58.540 --> 00:22:02.960 The first assembly of the restored regime met in September. 198 00:22:02.960 --> 00:22:09.620 The assembly first indicated that it would levy money for non-militant military needs, 199 00:22:09.620 --> 00:22:11.940 but not for a militia. 200 00:22:11.940 --> 00:22:18.160 When it coupled debate on a tax bill with revision of the Pennsylvania Constitution, 201 00:22:18.160 --> 00:22:23.860 it was particularly interested in safeguarding the recently acquired right of the assembly 202 00:22:23.860 --> 00:22:30.860 to initiate laws. Again, Markham was forced to dissolve the assembly. Pennsylvania remarkably 203 00:22:32.380 --> 00:22:39.380 retained that unique splendor of being a taxless and armsless land. Markham could do little 204 00:22:39.380 --> 00:22:47.380 Markham could do little, and the situation of minimal government continued in this fashion for another year. 205 00:22:47.380 --> 00:22:56.380 In the summer of 1696, the Crown again directed Markham to build up military fortifications in the colony. 206 00:22:56.380 --> 00:22:59.380 Again, the Council refused. 207 00:22:59.380 --> 00:23:05.380 Finally in the fall of 1696, Markham decided to usurp the powers of government. 208 00:23:05.380 --> 00:23:14.380 He decreed a new constitution of his own, since the colonists were not willing to return simply to the Constitution of 1683. 209 00:23:14.380 --> 00:23:24.380 The most flagrant of Markham's usurpations of power was his decision to return to the royal practice of appointing the council members. 210 00:23:24.380 --> 00:23:31.380 The elected council was replaced by his own appointees, chosen frankly from among the large landowners. 211 00:23:31.380 --> 00:23:45.380 It was by this naked usurpation and by the promulgation of his own Markham's Frame as the new Constitution that the Governor was able to push a tax bill through the Assembly. 212 00:23:45.380 --> 00:23:53.380 He was able also to appropriate revenue for the New York War effort as well as an equal sum for his personal benefit. 213 00:23:53.380 --> 00:24:05.380 Under Markham's frame, the assembly kept its right to initiate laws, and the property requirements were lowered in the rural areas and raised in the towns. 214 00:24:05.380 --> 00:24:20.380 And so the Quakers, who led the assembly and who had been able to repulse and ralp the attempts of such despotic governors as Blackwell and Fletcher to impose burdensome taxation on Pennsylvania, 215 00:24:20.380 --> 00:24:24.380 Now succumbed to the usurper Markham. 216 00:24:24.380 --> 00:24:27.380 It is clear that a deal had been made. 217 00:24:27.380 --> 00:24:35.380 Markham obtained the tax bill, and the assembly was assured of the power to initiate legislation. 218 00:24:35.380 --> 00:24:44.380 Furthermore, the Quakers, who dominated the assembly, also won the concession of raising the property requirement in the towns, 219 00:24:44.380 --> 00:24:50.380 Thus excluding the largely non-Quaker urban poor from the vote. 220 00:24:50.380 --> 00:24:56.380 As the persecution of the Keithians first indicated, the Quakers were beginning to abandon 221 00:24:56.380 --> 00:25:03.380 the consistent principles of individual liberty for the alluring perquisites of political power. 222 00:25:03.380 --> 00:25:09.380 A minority group of leaders formed a coalition to oppose the new dispensation. 223 00:25:09.380 --> 00:25:20.380 Making up the coalition were dissidents ranging from Keithians like Robert Turner to old Blackwell henchmen like Griffith Jones. 224 00:25:20.380 --> 00:25:25.380 Significantly, its main leader was Arthur Cook, an assistant to Markham. 225 00:25:25.380 --> 00:25:32.380 Cook had, along with the now deceased Lloyd, led the libertarian opposition to Governor Blackwell. 226 00:25:32.380 --> 00:25:45.380 The opposition gathered a petition in March 1697, signed by over a hundred, and sent to the proprietor letters attacking the major features of Markham's Frame. 227 00:25:45.380 --> 00:25:53.380 The opposition particularly denounced the raising of urban suffrage requirements and the institution of taxation. 228 00:25:53.380 --> 00:26:06.380 The libertarian opposition now contested Markham's frame. A separate set of elections were held in 1697 in Philadelphia County under the old charter of 1683. 229 00:26:06.380 --> 00:26:19.380 When the elected councillors and assemblymen presented themselves and were duly rejected, Robert Turner protested the threat to our ancient rights, liberties and freedom, 230 00:26:19.380 --> 00:26:24.820 system, as well as Quaker domination of the colony's political affairs. 231 00:26:24.820 --> 00:26:31.620 Turner also denounced the tax bill of 1696 and urged that the money seized from its rightful 232 00:26:31.620 --> 00:26:39.860 owners by that unwarrantable, illegal and arbitrary act be forthwith restored. 233 00:26:39.860 --> 00:26:46.720 He noted that people were coerced into paying the tax by threats and trickery, popular resistance 234 00:26:46.720 --> 00:26:53.720 As to the re-imposition of taxation in 1696 is indicated by the fact that little more 235 00:26:53.960 --> 00:27:00.960 than half of the taxis levied were collected, so many citizens refused to pay the tax that 236 00:27:01.200 --> 00:27:08.200 an additional law was passed to enforce collection. Meanwhile the atmosphere of accelerating statism 237 00:27:08.360 --> 00:27:15.360 was reflected in William Penn's messages to Pennsylvania in which he ordered the suppression 238 00:27:15.360 --> 00:27:37.360 and the suppression of all trade that violated the navigation laws and of such immoral businesses as taverns, which were proliferating in Philadelphia, and the structure and mores of Pennsylvania affairs were beginning to take on an uncomfortable resemblance to all the other English colonies in America. 239 00:27:37.360 --> 00:27:41.360 The Holy Experiment was beginning to fade. 240 00:27:41.360 --> 00:28:00.360 Pennsylvania, until now the envy, thus the occasion of hatred, of the other colonies and their royal officials because of its magnetic attractions of individual liberty, peace and absence of taxation, was now falling into step with its neighbors. 241 00:28:00.360 --> 00:28:08.920 In 1696, the year of the Punitive Navigation Act and the creation of the Board of Trade, 242 00:28:08.920 --> 00:28:15.160 new trouble came to Pennsylvania, this time in the form of royal officialdom. 243 00:28:15.160 --> 00:28:21.800 Edward Randolph was particularly incensed at the individualism rampant in Pennsylvania, 244 00:28:21.800 --> 00:28:28.880 so he and Colonel Robert Quarry, appointed judge of the Vice Admiralty Court in Pennsylvania, 245 00:28:28.880 --> 00:28:33.640 launched a determined assault on the colony's freedoms. 246 00:28:33.640 --> 00:28:40.760 The Tory views of Randolph and Quarry recognized no subtle distinctions between the quasi-statism 247 00:28:40.760 --> 00:28:48.280 of Pennsylvania and the Markham frame on the one hand and the libertarian opposition on 248 00:28:48.280 --> 00:28:49.280 the other. 249 00:28:49.280 --> 00:28:55.360 To these royal officials, all Pennsylvania was a pest hole and Markham the leader of 250 00:28:55.360 --> 00:28:57.440 the lawlessness. 251 00:28:57.440 --> 00:29:03.920 And in 1698, a Justice of the Peace issued a writ against Quarry's marshal, forcing 252 00:29:03.920 --> 00:29:10.680 him to return gold confiscated from a merchant engaged in illegal trade. Quarry wrote to 253 00:29:10.680 --> 00:29:18.360 the Board of Trade of Pennsylvania's beloved profitable darling, illegal trade. Quarry went 254 00:29:18.360 --> 00:29:24.960 on to denounce the Pennsylvanians as a perverse, obstinate and turbulent people that will not 255 00:29:24.960 --> 00:29:31.480 not submit to any power or laws but their own. They have so long encouraged and carried 256 00:29:31.480 --> 00:29:37.360 on a most pernicious illegal trade, which hath been so advantageous to them that no 257 00:29:37.360 --> 00:29:43.920 ordinary means can make them part with it. The new threat from the royal officials and 258 00:29:43.920 --> 00:29:50.640 courts easily superseded that posed by the Markham Frame to the liberties of Pennsylvania 259 00:29:50.640 --> 00:29:57.640 and tended to bring new factions to the fore. So it was in the case of Quarry's Marshall. 260 00:29:58.160 --> 00:30:04.240 David Lloyd led the prosecution and became a popular hero by denouncing admiralty courts 261 00:30:04.240 --> 00:30:10.320 as being greater enemies to the rights and liberties of the people than ship taxes in 262 00:30:10.320 --> 00:30:16.840 the days of Charles I. Lloyd was censured by the council for his remarks. 263 00:30:16.840 --> 00:30:24.120 In the same year, 1698, the Pennsylvania Assembly courageously passed a law granting accused 264 00:30:24.120 --> 00:30:31.720 violators of the Navigation Acts the common law privileges of trial by jury, thus going 265 00:30:31.720 --> 00:30:35.120 counter to imperial decisions. 266 00:30:35.120 --> 00:30:42.360 William Penn, anxious to continue toting to the Crown in order to keep his proprietary, 267 00:30:42.360 --> 00:30:48.680 Mason to veto the law, but in 1699 Quarry reported that he was forced for reasons of 268 00:30:48.680 --> 00:30:54.320 safety to hold admiralty court sessions 40 miles from Philadelphia. 269 00:30:54.320 --> 00:31:00.400 Furthermore, Quarry complained no one in Pennsylvania deigned to pay any attention to the decisions 270 00:31:00.400 --> 00:31:03.840 and orders of the admiralty court. 271 00:31:03.840 --> 00:31:10.400 Finally though, the Randolph-Quarry campaign of vilification of Pennsylvania took effect. 272 00:31:10.400 --> 00:31:16.040 William Penn was ordered by the Board of Trade to return to Pennsylvania to take charge of 273 00:31:16.040 --> 00:31:22.520 the colony and force the navigation laws, cooperate with the Admiralty Courts, remove 274 00:31:22.520 --> 00:31:27.520 Markham from the post of Lieutenant Governor and David Lloyd from the Office of Attorney 275 00:31:27.520 --> 00:31:32.480 General and establish a militia in the colony. 276 00:31:32.480 --> 00:31:37.760 Penn agreed to return and arrived in December 1699. 277 00:31:37.760 --> 00:31:44.640 From the time of his return, Penn tried his best to placate the Tories. Quarry was made 278 00:31:44.640 --> 00:31:49.640 Attorney General of Pennsylvania, and the Marshal of the Admiralty Court was appointed 279 00:31:49.640 --> 00:31:56.520 under Sheriff of the Colony. But Quarry, Randolph, and their allies on the Board of Trade were 280 00:31:56.520 --> 00:32:02.880 implacable and attempted to eliminate all the proprietary and self-governing colonies 281 00:32:02.880 --> 00:32:10.200 in America. Penn would finally be forced to return to England in late 1701 to fight this 282 00:32:10.200 --> 00:32:17.600 enormous extension of imperial control, and he was the main force behind the Bill's defeat. 283 00:32:17.600 --> 00:32:24.800 Penn carried to Pennsylvania Crown orders to impose on Pennsylvania a tyranny that would 284 00:32:24.800 --> 00:32:32.200 be subservient to the Crown. Obediently, Penn vetoed the Act for Jury Trial for Navigation 285 00:32:32.200 --> 00:32:39.580 Act violations, and summarily removed from office Markham, David Lloyd, and other leaders 286 00:32:39.580 --> 00:32:46.500 of the popular resistance against the Navigation Acts. Not only was Lloyd ousted as Attorney 287 00:32:46.500 --> 00:32:53.060 General and Court Clerk, he was also prevented from assuming his elective seat on the Council. 288 00:32:53.060 --> 00:32:59.440 An act against illegal trade was also passed. Concessions, already mentioned, were made 289 00:32:59.440 --> 00:33:05.840 made to Quarry and the Admiralty Courts. Penn moved close to the conditions of the other 290 00:33:05.840 --> 00:33:13.000 colonies by levying duties on imports. He did not dare attempt to create a militia, but 291 00:33:13.000 --> 00:33:20.360 he did maintain a military watch at the mouth of the Delaware Bay. Penn's actions soon 292 00:33:20.360 --> 00:33:25.940 engendered strong opposition in the colony. The Quakers resented Penn's treatment of 293 00:33:25.940 --> 00:33:31.620 of Lloyd and the other popular leaders, and the assembly only reluctantly granted tax 294 00:33:31.620 --> 00:33:38.000 monies for payment of a salary to Penn. The people of Delaware also resented the act to 295 00:33:38.000 --> 00:33:45.000 repress the illegal trade. With the former constitution of the colony in abeyance, Penn 296 00:33:45.100 --> 00:33:51.060 quickened his reactionary course by deciding to appoint his council rather than have it 297 00:33:51.060 --> 00:33:58.680 In protest, several members of the Council refused the appointment and were instead elected 298 00:33:58.680 --> 00:34:05.780 in the fall of 1700 to the Assembly, heading this move with Joseph Grodin, who was elected 299 00:34:05.780 --> 00:34:07.760 as Speaker of the Assembly. 300 00:34:07.760 --> 00:34:17.300 At the summer 1701 meeting of the Assembly, Penn commended the King's request for £350 301 00:34:17.300 --> 00:34:20.580 for military fortifications of New York. 302 00:34:20.580 --> 00:34:27.420 But the assembly resumed its old role as champion of the colony's liberties by rejecting the 303 00:34:27.420 --> 00:34:34.420 request. The Delaware counties protested sending any tax money for armed forces in New York. 304 00:34:34.900 --> 00:34:41.900 Rather, any such funds should be kept for their own defense. Penn's return also meant a renewed 305 00:34:42.560 --> 00:34:49.260 assault upon the liberties of the colonists from yet another quarter. The imposition of 306 00:34:49.260 --> 00:34:53.260 A Feudal Quit Rents by the Proprietary 307 00:34:53.260 --> 00:35:02.260 Though the assembly voted Penn a huge grant of £2,000 in 1700 to be collected from property taxes, 308 00:35:02.260 --> 00:35:07.260 the colonists were always reluctant to pay quit rents. 309 00:35:07.260 --> 00:35:13.260 Penn appointed his aide, James Logan, as receiver general and secretary of the colony, 310 00:35:13.260 --> 00:35:17.260 and Logan was to enforce payment of the quit rents. 311 00:35:17.260 --> 00:35:23.020 Moreover, the duties on imports levied in 1700 also went to Penn's private purse, 312 00:35:23.020 --> 00:35:26.620 as did another tax on the retailing of alcoholic beverages. 313 00:35:27.980 --> 00:35:34.860 The last general assembly to meet under Penn's personal rule convened in the fall of 1701. 314 00:35:35.580 --> 00:35:40.620 It was during this assembly that the representatives of the Delaware counties walked out. 315 00:35:41.740 --> 00:35:44.940 Delaware secession had long been brewing. 316 00:35:44.940 --> 00:35:48.940 The differences between Delaware and Pennsylvania were striking. 317 00:35:48.940 --> 00:35:55.940 Pennsylvania was predominantly Quaker, growing rapidly and flourishing economically. 318 00:35:55.940 --> 00:36:04.940 Delaware was largely Dutch Calvinist, Swedish Lutheran and Anglican, and was comparatively stagnant. 319 00:36:04.940 --> 00:36:10.940 Delaware, having none of the pacifist ideals of Pennsylvania, desired a militia. 320 00:36:10.940 --> 00:36:18.940 As soon as Penn arrived, Newcastle County in Delaware refused to send representatives to the Pennsylvania Assembly. 321 00:36:18.940 --> 00:36:26.940 Now, with the Delaware representatives walking out and Penn proposing to defend his proprietary against royal assault, 322 00:36:26.940 --> 00:36:32.940 William Penn decided to grant Delaware its secession from Pennsylvania. 323 00:36:32.940 --> 00:36:40.460 of Pennsylvania. Delaware took the step in 1704, and from then on the two colonies were 324 00:36:40.460 --> 00:36:47.540 completely separate, except for a common governor appointed by the proprietary. 325 00:36:47.540 --> 00:36:53.980 The assembly continued to be the focal point of resistance to Penn and his exactions. It 326 00:36:53.980 --> 00:36:58.920 passed a bill to give Freeman the right to bring court action against Penn and other 327 00:36:58.920 --> 00:37:05.920 The assembly also favored a bill to repeal the liquor tax, but Penn insisted that the 328 00:37:10.160 --> 00:37:16.760 revenue must then be raised by some other form of taxation. Penn still had the task 329 00:37:16.760 --> 00:37:23.260 of resolving the constitutional quarrels of the colony. A new constitution, the Charter 330 00:37:23.260 --> 00:37:29.500 Charter of Privileges was finally approved by Assembly and Council and signed by Penn 331 00:37:29.500 --> 00:37:39.540 at the end of October 1701. This charter replaced both the old Charter of 1683 and the Markham 332 00:37:39.540 --> 00:37:45.620 Frame, and was to govern Pennsylvania for the remainder of the colony's existence. 333 00:37:45.620 --> 00:37:52.060 The Assembly kept its cherished power to initiate legislation, but significantly the Council 334 00:37:52.060 --> 00:37:59.060 The Council was now to be appointed by the proprietary Governor and was thus taken permanently out of popular control. 335 00:37:59.060 --> 00:38:07.060 The Council was now, as in most other royal colonies, a puppet agency of the Governor, 336 00:38:07.060 --> 00:38:13.060 instead of a formidable elective body capable of checking the Chief Executive. 337 00:38:13.060 --> 00:38:18.060 Furthermore, the Governor retained the power to veto all legislation. 338 00:38:18.060 --> 00:38:25.500 The assembly was still elected according to limited suffrage with modest property restrictions. 339 00:38:25.500 --> 00:38:31.100 The new charter also included guarantees of liberty of conscience as well as procedural 340 00:38:31.100 --> 00:38:37.020 guarantees for property against arbitrary attack by the governor. 341 00:38:37.020 --> 00:38:42.640 Pennsylvania now truly resembled its fellows, especially the royal colonies. 342 00:38:42.640 --> 00:38:49.260 It now joined them in possessing a proprietary governor outside the colonist's control and 343 00:38:49.260 --> 00:38:57.160 a council appointed by the governor and suffered the agonies of a network of taxes, duties 344 00:38:57.160 --> 00:38:59.000 and quitterance. 345 00:38:59.000 --> 00:39:04.920 It too faced the threats of royal bureaucracy and enforcement of the crippling navigation 346 00:39:04.920 --> 00:39:06.240 laws. 347 00:39:06.240 --> 00:39:12.140 Apart from a continued reluctance to arm a peaceful policy toward the Indians and the 348 00:39:12.140 --> 00:39:18.140 In the limiting of capital punishment strictly to murderers, there were few traces of the 349 00:39:18.140 --> 00:39:25.700 unique holy experiment that had been established in Pennsylvania. Even the rational limitation 350 00:39:25.700 --> 00:39:31.660 of capital punishment to proportionate retribution against the crime of murder was destined to 351 00:39:31.660 --> 00:39:38.860 disappear in 1718 when Pennsylvania adopted the English Criminal Code, which provided 352 00:39:38.860 --> 00:39:43.100 for a much broader application of capital punishment. 353 00:39:43.100 --> 00:39:46.580 However, Pennsylvania continued to be unique 354 00:39:46.580 --> 00:39:50.460 in its widespread opposition to Negro slavery. 355 00:39:50.460 --> 00:39:55.460 As early as 1688, German Quakers, headed by Francis Pistorius, 356 00:39:56.140 --> 00:40:01.140 had attacked slavery, and a yearly meeting of Quakers in 1696 357 00:40:01.540 --> 00:40:03.980 at least urged discouragement 358 00:40:03.980 --> 00:40:07.540 of further importation of Negro slaves. 359 00:40:07.540 --> 00:40:14.540 The Keithians had gone much further, declaring in 1693 that slavery was theft and opposed 360 00:40:14.620 --> 00:40:20.620 to the golden rule, and warning that it was only moral to buy Negroes for the purpose 361 00:40:20.620 --> 00:40:27.620 of freeing them. The enormously greater freedom that had prevailed so much longer in Pennsylvania 362 00:40:29.580 --> 00:40:36.500 than in the other colonies had given, however, the colony a tremendous push toward growth 363 00:40:36.500 --> 00:40:42.820 and Prosperity, Farmers and Merchants had prospered. Philadelphia with a population 364 00:40:42.820 --> 00:40:49.820 of 5,000 in 1700 had begun the remarkable rise that was to make it one of America's 365 00:40:49.820 --> 00:40:56.460 foremost cities. That city had already become the commercial port for the farmers not only 366 00:40:56.460 --> 00:41:02.760 of Pennsylvania but of West New Jersey as well. In 1690, Governor Fletcher of New York 367 00:41:02.760 --> 00:41:08.600 New York admitted that the town of Philadelphia in 14 years' time has become nearly equal 368 00:41:08.600 --> 00:41:15.720 to the city of New York in trade and riches, an unwitting tribute to the propulsive powers 369 00:41:15.720 --> 00:41:23.160 of individual freedom unencumbered by taxes and restrictions as over against the crippling 370 00:41:23.160 --> 00:41:29.560 effects of monopoly and high taxation on the older colony. 371 00:41:29.560 --> 00:41:37.240 It was not long before the unique Pennsylvania attribute of pacifism was also to wither away. 372 00:41:37.240 --> 00:41:43.840 After Penn's return to England, James Logan remained as builder of the Proprietary Party, 373 00:41:43.840 --> 00:41:49.680 which favored taxation and quit rents and was willing to abandon the Quaker resistance 374 00:41:49.680 --> 00:41:56.080 to war and to an armed militia. The leader of the popular Libertarian Party, dominant 375 00:41:56.080 --> 00:42:02.520 in the Assembly was the Welsh Quaker David Lloyd. The Assembly consistently resisted 376 00:42:02.520 --> 00:42:09.040 proprietary demands for a militia. It did allow a voluntary one, which could not sustain 377 00:42:09.040 --> 00:42:16.040 itself. Finally, William Penn brought an end to the opposition by, one, removing from the 378 00:42:16.040 --> 00:42:22.360 Governor's chair the hated John Evans, who had tried to raise a war panic by false scares 379 00:42:22.360 --> 00:42:28.920 of French and Indian Invasion, and who had illegally imposed a tax by Delaware on Philadelphia 380 00:42:28.920 --> 00:42:35.920 shipping, powder money, and two, threatening the colonists that he would sell his proprietary 381 00:42:36.640 --> 00:42:43.640 rights to the Crown. Under this blackmail threat, the election of 1710 brought complete 382 00:42:43.760 --> 00:42:50.760 victory to the Logan-Penn forces. Under Logan's aegis, Penn quickly voted the Crown the large 383 00:42:50.760 --> 00:42:58.760 The Large Sum of £2,000, which was expected to be used for military purposes against New France.