WEBVTT NOTE 42. Administering the Conquests 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:09.120 volume 2 chapter 42 administering the conquests with peace finally concluded in the french 2 00:00:09.120 --> 00:00:17.360 ousted from north america the poor hapless akkadian refugees in massachusetts totaling some 900 3 00:00:17.360 --> 00:00:24.480 began the dangerous and difficult trek back to their beloved akkadia many died along the way 4 00:00:24.480 --> 00:00:30.160 But the rest settled again in Acadia. Of course, there was no thought of returning 5 00:00:30.160 --> 00:00:36.680 to them their old lands and property. In the final irony, the Acadians, who had been sent 6 00:00:36.680 --> 00:00:43.060 to France, remained as unwanted refugees, pushed from pillar to post for twenty years 7 00:00:43.060 --> 00:00:50.060 by the government. On taking control of Florida from Spain, Britain divided it into two provinces, 8 00:00:50.060 --> 00:00:59.200 Provinces, East Florida centering in St. Augustine and West Florida with headquarters at Pensacola. 9 00:00:59.200 --> 00:01:05.960 To East Florida the British sent as governor Major Francis Ogilvie, who made no attempt 10 00:01:05.960 --> 00:01:13.040 to conceal his complete contempt for Spaniards and Roman Catholics. So grim was the impact 11 00:01:13.040 --> 00:01:20.040 of Ogilvie that of the 3,000 Spanish inhabitants of St. Augustine all but five persons decided 12 00:01:20.060 --> 00:01:32.060 One of the notable events of British East Florida was the founding of the colony of New Smyrna, 30 miles north of Cape Canaveral on the Atlantic coast. 13 00:01:32.060 --> 00:01:43.060 The promoter, Dr. Andrew Turnbull, wangled a grant of 60,000 acres as well as a ship and a cash bounty from the Crown. 14 00:01:43.060 --> 00:01:52.660 In return, he transported over 1,400 emigrants from Greece, Italy and English-occupied Menorca 15 00:01:52.660 --> 00:01:54.480 to the new homeland. 16 00:01:54.480 --> 00:02:01.580 The emigrants, expecting freedom and abundance, reaped the opposite—seven years of cruel 17 00:02:01.580 --> 00:02:07.780 and dispiriting indentured servants, giving their forced labor to producing such goods 18 00:02:07.780 --> 00:02:12.480 as hemp, cotton and indigo, subsidized by England. 19 00:02:12.480 --> 00:02:19.040 The immigrants arrived in mid-summer 1768. In a few weeks they were ready to revolt. 20 00:02:19.040 --> 00:02:25.660 The August Revolt was led by Carlo Forni and Clotha Corona. A brutal overseer who tried 21 00:02:25.660 --> 00:02:31.440 to stop the revolt was killed. The rebels, acting the part of their masters, plundered 22 00:02:31.440 --> 00:02:38.440 the property of the Menorchans of the colony, whose only crime was not joining the revolt. 23 00:02:38.440 --> 00:02:43.920 Governor James Grant's forces soon seized the rebels, but took four months to capture 24 00:02:43.920 --> 00:02:49.280 Forney and a band of his men. The governor decided to be relatively lenient with the 25 00:02:49.280 --> 00:02:55.080 mutineers, killing only the two leaders, Forney and Corona. 26 00:02:55.080 --> 00:03:01.200 Another forced labor settlement in East Florida was established at Ralston on the St. John's 27 00:03:31.200 --> 00:03:39.360 In addition, 89 more immigrants fled from Roll. Finally, Roll found the open sesame to success. 28 00:03:39.360 --> 00:03:45.320 He purchased openly enslaved Negroes, whom he was able to whip into a passable degree 29 00:03:45.320 --> 00:03:47.640 of productivity. 30 00:03:47.640 --> 00:03:56.480 What a former French Canada! After 1763, conquered Quebec was, to be sure, theoretically extended 31 00:03:56.480 --> 00:04:02.440 the blessings of English legal and representative institutions, but there was one very important 32 00:04:02.440 --> 00:04:08.640 catch. Roman Catholics would not be permitted to vote or to hold public office, and were 33 00:04:08.640 --> 00:04:15.640 even denied many protections of the law. Thus, the overwhelming majority of the French Quebecois 34 00:04:16.240 --> 00:04:22.400 were condemned to permanent subjection in their own land. The established French legal 35 00:04:22.400 --> 00:04:27.600 French law and judicial procedures were swiftly destroyed, and English procedures installed 36 00:04:27.600 --> 00:04:34.040 in their place. As Catholics, French lawyers were even prohibited from trying cases and 37 00:04:34.040 --> 00:04:41.340 French citizens from serving on juries. Moreover, a nascent French-Canadian bourgeoisie was 38 00:04:41.340 --> 00:04:47.040 crushed by the English conquest. A few hundred English merchants, who came as suppliers and 39 00:04:47.040 --> 00:04:53.840 and Contractors for the British Army of Occupation and Royal Bureaucrats in Canada, almost all 40 00:04:53.840 --> 00:05:00.440 new inhabitants, were able to monopolize the courts and juries and to carry on a systematic 41 00:05:00.440 --> 00:05:07.520 campaign of governmental exploitation of the people of Quebec. As in the case of conquered 42 00:05:07.520 --> 00:05:13.880 and battered Ireland, the Roman Catholic Church in Quebec was forced to become the fortress 43 00:05:13.880 --> 00:05:21.780 Church of a Suppressed Ethnic as Well as Religious People. The Church and the country turned 44 00:05:21.780 --> 00:05:29.440 in upon itself, both stagnating under siege. Discrimination against Catholic voting was, 45 00:05:29.440 --> 00:05:35.120 in a sense, rendered harmless by the English failure to allow any representative assembly 46 00:05:35.120 --> 00:05:43.160 in Quebec. The first royal governor of Quebec, James Murray, and his successor, Guy Carlton, 47 00:05:43.160 --> 00:06:02.240 The first Spanish governor, Antonio da Ulloa, finally arrived in Louisiana in 1766 and without 48 00:06:02.240 --> 00:06:09.160 difficulty managed quickly to alienate almost all groups in the population. Open rebellion 49 00:06:09.160 --> 00:06:15.720 and General Disgust with Government ensued. Things came to a head in 1768, when Spain 50 00:06:15.720 --> 00:06:22.360 imposed a thoroughly mercantilist decree excluding all but Spanish ships in Louisiana commerce 51 00:06:22.360 --> 00:06:30.020 and all trade but those to Spanish ports. 500 protesters signed a petition demanding the 52 00:06:30.020 --> 00:06:37.920 removal of Ulloa and the restoration of freedom of trade. At the end of October, New Orleans 53 00:06:37.920 --> 00:06:44.920 was captured by the French rebels. When Ulloa was finally sacrificed to the massive demands 54 00:06:44.920 --> 00:06:51.000 for his removal, the citizens of New Orleans poured into the street to laud the French 55 00:06:51.000 --> 00:06:57.800 and attack the Spaniards. The French government, in politic fashion, rejected a petition from 56 00:06:57.800 --> 00:07:03.600 the rebels pledging allegiance to France. Spain decided to crack down on the revolt 57 00:07:03.600 --> 00:07:08.080 and sent as the new governor, General Alejandro O'Reilly. 58 00:07:08.080 --> 00:07:14.240 Bringing 2,000 crack troops, O'Reilly characteristically invited the 12 leaders of the rebellion to 59 00:07:14.240 --> 00:07:20.160 meet him at his quarters, only to arrest them there and charge them with treason for rebelling 60 00:07:20.160 --> 00:07:21.160 against Spain. 61 00:07:21.160 --> 00:07:25.600 Five of the rebel leaders were promptly executed. 62 00:07:25.600 --> 00:07:31.640 At the end of two decades of aggressive war against France, the triumphant British government 63 00:07:31.640 --> 00:07:38.320 had succeeded in driving the French Empire completely off the North American continent 64 00:07:38.320 --> 00:07:45.480 and in replacing France largely by its own hegemony. By the early 1760s, the British 65 00:07:45.480 --> 00:07:51.680 rulers felt themselves to be masters of all they surveyed. Furthermore, the king and the 66 00:07:51.680 --> 00:07:57.880 various Tory factions had succeeded in using the war to achieve one of their long-cherished 67 00:07:57.880 --> 00:08:05.120 Aims, the removal of the liberal, quasi-libertarian Whigs from the seats of ministerial power 68 00:08:05.120 --> 00:08:11.440 at home. With that, the major check upon the expansion of the power of the Crown and its 69 00:08:11.440 --> 00:08:18.320 allies at home and throughout the Empire was at last extinct. Since the death of Queen 70 00:08:18.320 --> 00:08:25.000 Anne and the accession of the Hanoverian dynasty in the early part of the eighteenth century, 71 00:08:25.000 --> 00:08:30.840 The Whigs, headed by Robert Walpole and the Pelham brothers, had succeeded, by crafty 72 00:08:30.840 --> 00:08:38.240 manipulation of Parliament, in imposing a lengthy rule that had kept the Tory centralizers 73 00:08:38.240 --> 00:08:46.920 and imperialist expansionists under severe and unwelcome fetters. Now, in the early 1760s, 74 00:08:46.920 --> 00:08:54.320 the Tories and imperialists had at last succeeded in rooting out the Whig-Pelhamite check grain 75 00:08:54.320 --> 00:09:00.720 on their goals and designs. In particular, in the colonies, the impatient king and the 76 00:09:00.720 --> 00:09:08.720 Tory factions were now free to scrap the policy of salutary neglect, which Walpole and Newcastle 77 00:09:08.720 --> 00:09:15.080 had managed to impose on the reluctant Crown and Parliament. Enjoying the blessings of 78 00:09:15.080 --> 00:09:21.320 salutary neglect, the American colonies had been able, in the first half of the 18th century, 79 00:09:21.320 --> 00:09:28.000 To ignore the de jure mercantilist restrictions and edicts of Great Britain and to flourish 80 00:09:28.000 --> 00:09:33.000 in virtual de facto independence from the mother country. 81 00:09:33.000 --> 00:09:38.400 It was high time, the British imperialist felt, to cast off the restrictions of salutary 82 00:09:38.400 --> 00:09:43.240 neglect and to bring the American colonies to heel. 83 00:09:43.240 --> 00:09:51.160 It was that grand design that was to precipitate the great conflagration of the American Revolution 84 00:09:51.160 --> 00:09:54.600 and to bring a new kind of nation into being.