Volume 4, Chapter 61, The Liberation of South Carolina
Green was far too expert a strategist to pursue Cornwallis. Instead, he took the opportunity to wheel southwest and march against South Carolina, for which he was hailed by many American leaders.
Shorn of the Virginia and North Carolina militia, whose terms were now up, Green marched swiftly into northern South Carolina with about 1700 men and mobilized Sumter in the north and Pickens in the west to help him.
Green also sent Lee's Cracked Legion to join Marion on the lower Pee Dee River.
Lord Rawdon, in charge of the British troops after Cornwallis' abandonment, had over 8,000
men under his command, but these were scattered throughout Georgia and South Carolina, most
of them at Savannah and Augusta in Georgia, in the forts ranging up the Santee River and
its tributaries in central South Carolina, Watson, Mott, Granby and 96, and at Georgetown
at the Mouth of the P.D. The main striking force of 1500 was at Camden. Lee and Marion,
uniting forces on April 14, quickly laid siege to Fort Watson on the lower Santee River.
After days of siege, Colonel Hezekiah Mayham, of Marion's South Carolina force, imaginatively
thought of building a high wooden tower from which the riflemen could shoot down into the
of Fort. Fort Watson was forced to surrender on April 23, the Americans taking over a hundred
prisoners while losing but a few men. Rodden had dangerously depleted 500 of his Tory troops,
sending them under Colonel John Watson to save the fort. As it was, they were lucky
to escape Lee's and Marion's forces. In the meantime, Green's main force, having begun
Rodin, to march southwest on April 5, arrived before Camden and encamped at Hobkirks Hill.
Rodin had only 900 men against more than 1,400, and he decided to attack Greene's force where
they were stationed before Sumter, Lee and Marion might unite with him. Actually, Sumter
apparently had no intention of cooperating with Greene, and Lee and Marion were still
A Break in the Line of Maryland Continentals and Subsequent Defeat
could have been more serious had not Washington's cavalry saved the American guns.
The battle was an undoubted victory for the British, but once again a tactical victory was soon to turn to the ashes of a strategic defeat.
For one thing, both armies had lost about 270 men and Rodden's force could scarcely afford this loss.
For another, after finally being joined by Watson's force on May 7, he marched northwest to fight Greene once more, but was outfoxed and gave up the pursuit to return to Camden.
At this point, Greene could have surrounded and captured Rawdon at Camden if Sumter had joined him with his 1,000 South Carolina guerrillas, but Sumter simply refused to do this.
The Virginia and North Carolina militia failed to assemble and reinforce green, and Congress did not send any aid.
But Rawdon was in no position to take advantage of these weaknesses.
Increasingly, guerrilla bands were cutting him off from food and supplies, while his Tories were threatening to mutiny because several Tory deserters had been hanged by the Americans after being taken prisoner at Hopkirk's Hill.
Their exposed position now rendered the British decidedly uneasy. With food dwindling and his men restive, Rodden evacuated Camden on May 10 to withdraw to Lower South Carolina, where he finally stopped at Moncks Corner, 40 miles north of Charleston.
This withdrawal acted as the signal for widespread guerrilla attacks on the other British forts on the Santee chain.
On May 11, Sumter easily seized Orangeburg in the central part of the state without the loss of a man.
The archers of Marion and Lee fired flaming arrows into Fort Mott and induced it to surrender on May 12.
On May 15, Lee cleverly induced the strong Tory garrison at Fort Granby to surrender by promising that they could keep any private property in their possession.
Only Georgetown, 96, and Augusta remained to the British in the entire Lower South, outside of the Charleston-Savannah Coastal Plain and the port of Wilmington.
Lee and Pickens, with the troop of Georgia and South Carolina militia, were sent west
against Augusta, which they besieged on May 22. On the same day, Green laid siege to 96.
Marion was sent to Charleston, but his attack did not begin until about a month later.
There were two British forts in Augusta. The smaller was first surrounded and captured.
The Tory Colonel Grierson being shot after capture by one of the Georgia militia.
The larger fort was a much tougher prey.
Even the erection of a mayhem tower could not hasten surrender.
But finally the 300-man Augusta Garrison surrendered on June 5.
Georgetown also proved to be no problem.
Marion had hardly begun his attack when the British evacuated hurriedly by sea on June
20, and retreated to Charleston.
After capturing Augusta, Leon Pickens joined Green at 96.
The fort had a strong Tory garrison of 550 crack troops under Colonel John Kruger and
Green tried everything in his arsenal against it, approaches built by Kosciuszko, Mayhem
Tower, flaming arrows, all to no avail.
Finally cutting off the fort's water supply was taking any toll. Finally, Rodden received
reinforcements from overseas and, with his 2,000 men, he marched swiftly from Charleston
to relieve the garrison. Sumter failed to intercept and delay him, and the Americans
were forced to retire from 96 on June 20. They had lost nearly 150 men to the enemy's
in 1885. But once again a tactical defeat only delayed a strategic victory, for Rodden
pursued Green's force northeastward in vain. The British prudently decided to abandon 96
on July 3 and fall back on the lower part of the state. Both armies were now exhausted
by the heat. Rodden stationed his troops at Orangeburg, while Green summered to the northeast
on the Cool and Healthy Plateau of the High Hills of Santee.
During this rest period, Marion, Sumter and Lee managed to force the British to evacuate
Monk's Corner, while Rodden, broken in health by the campaign, sailed for England, leaving
Colonel Alexander Stuart in charge of all British forces south of Virginia.
At the end of August, Green, with 2,000 refreshed troops, was ready to attack. He was eager
to crush Stewart to forestall any possible two-front war in case Cornwallis should decide
to move south from Virginia. He was not able to cross the swollen rivers between him and
the British troops directly, so he marched north to Camden, picked up Sumter, Marion
Stuart had been in Pickens to swell his force to 2200, crossed the river and marched southeast
to Utah Springs in the lower part of the state, where Stuart had cautiously withdrawn with
his 2,000 men.
Paradoxically, Stuart's force consisted mostly of Tory regulars and deserters from the Continental
Army, while many of Green's Continentals had deserted from the British.
Britain's attack on Stuart at Utah Springs almost took the British by surprise, and they
captured 150 members of a largely unarmed unit before the battle, nearly equalizing
the numbers of the two forces.
The Battle of Utah Springs on September 8, 1781, was a fierce confrontation.
The quality was high on both sides, each army consisting of crack troops.
It turned out to be Green's last battle of the war and characteristically it was another
tactical defeat and another strategic victory.
At first Green did very well.
He placed his men in the Morgan Manor with militia in the front line and continentals
in the second.
The first line fought well for a long time.
When it began to give way the British rushed forward in disorder and seeming triumph only
to meet a devastating volley and bayonet charge.
The Americans routed the British with only the cavalry and light infantry of Major John
Majora Banks on the British right flank holding firm, but as luck would have it, on the point
of a truly shattering victory, the rank and file of Virginia and Maryland continentals
abandoned pursuit and stopped to loot the food and liquor in the British camps.
This lapse permitted the almost shattered British to reform, and while the battle was
yet undecided, Greene prudently withdrew from the field.
Stuart could only race back to Charleston, and reinforcements on the march prevented the
Americans from falling upon his army.
The losses were extremely heavy on both sides, but Greene's 520 casualties were more than
matched by the nearly 870 men lost by the British, over 40% of their force.
Once again, the British had a narrowly technical win thanks to the sudden failure of American
discipline, but the losses meant a smashing strategic defeat.
Utah Springs was the last major battle of the war in the Lower South.
The British now held only the ports of Charleston and Savannah, and Wilmington in North Carolina.
All the rest of the Carolinas and Georgia were back in American hands, and the state
governments there were quickly reestablished.
Green stayed in South Carolina to keep the British penned in at Charleston.