WEBVTT

NOTE State, War, and Imperialism

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I guess with a judge present, I have to be particularly careful in what I say today.

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I want to talk about state war and imperialism today and begin by reminding you, of course,

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that fighting and war and conquest and plunder and so forth are part of human history.

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despite the advantages of division of labor about which I have talked extensively

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and if we look for reasons for this deviationist behavior so to speak

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we will have to name three, one is a lack of intelligence so to speak

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and closely correlated with that a very high time preference. High time preference and low intelligence are closely correlated phenomena, being just concerned about the immediate effects, not being able to grasp the long run advantages that result from division of labor, but being tempted by the immediate advantages that you can gain by raw

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Stopping, plundering and engaging in these sorts of activities.

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And of course the third factor that contributes to it are violent ideologies.

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There exist ideologies like ardent nationalism and things of that nature that have of course

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also mightily contributed to the fact of war.

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You just have to think of the current war.

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The idea that some countries are simply superior over others

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due to who knows what obviously contributes

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to Adventures, such as the Iraq War, for instance.

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Nonetheless, I also want to emphasize,

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before I get to the subject of war in history,

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I want to mention also that there has, of course, also

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been a peaceful spread of civilization.

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Just recall what I talked about very early in my lectures,

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the slow and gradual outward expansion

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of agricultural life from the fertile crescent,

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progressing, so to speak, from that area

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by about one kilometer per year for several thousand years

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and displacing gradually the less civilized societies of hunters and gatherers and herders

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and so forth and instituting more peaceful social relations than existed before.

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Or think of examples of colonialism, which is something very different from imperialism.

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Colonialism also driven by the motive of scarcity of land and also driven by some missionary

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Ideologies, Christians wanting to spread the Christian belief to other areas.

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Just to give you a few examples of relatively peaceful colonial adventures such as the Greek

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colonialism, without which we would not have had cities like Stagira, where Aristotle

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was born, or Paestum, or Pergamum, or Ephesus, or Agrigento, or Syracuse, all of which are

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of Greek origin and the places to which the Greek culture was exported.

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Similarly we can say that, at least partially, the primitive Rome also had a civilizing effect

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on the rest of Italy, carrying on its superior culture to less developed places in Italy

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and also less developed places in the parts of parts of the later Roman Empire.

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Without colonialism by the Bavarians, there would be no such thing as Austria, which was

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at that time at the eastern fringes of civilization, and the Bavarians settled these places and

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turned them into more or less civilized places.

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We should mention the efforts of Frederick the Great and Maria Theresia who also promoted

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the settlement of Germans in more eastern regions with the purpose of lifting cultural

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Life in those regions, or coming to more modern times, New France of Canada.

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There were in 1754 55,000 people from France who settled in Canada and created so to speak

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After 1650, some 80,000 people settled in New England, and more than 100,000 settled in Maryland and Virginia.

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All in all, some 2 million people left Britain during the 17th and 18th century for colonial purposes, by and large peaceful ventures.

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200,000 Germans left for America before 1800 and I give you some numbers of countries where people left and countries to which people went from the mid-19th century to about 1930.

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All in all, 52 million Europeans left Europe during that period of time, 5 million Austrians

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left their country, 18 million Britons, less than 5 million Germans, 10 million Italians,

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About 5 million Spaniards, about 2 million Russians, and slightly less than 2 million Portuguese, and where did they go?

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6 million of them went to Argentina, more than 4 million went to Brazil, more than 5 million went to Canada,

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34 million went to the United States, slightly less than 3 million went to Australia,

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and about half a million went to New Zealand, and slightly less than half a million went to South Africa.

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There's also an interesting fact that close to 4 million people went to Siberia during the 19th century.

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that is into an area that was basically nothing, nothing before and last but not

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least by 1930 or so some eight million Chinese had left their country and went

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to various Southeast Asian places and lifted up their cultures.

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Again, I'm not saying that all of these colonial movements

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were entirely peaceful, but overwhelmingly.

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So we can say that those were peaceful expansions of culture

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and civilization to places that were less civilized and less

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cultured before.

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Now to the topic.

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And I will return to the West as the ultimately superior

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civilization.

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And I want to begin first with the pre-state conflicts.

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that is, the conflicts as they existed during the feudal age,

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that is to say, essentially before 1500.

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In order to set the stage, remember that Europe,

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and that was one of the reasons for the uniqueness

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and of the development of Europe,

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Europe was a highly decentralized place at this time with tens of thousands of smaller

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or larger lords, princes, and kings.

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And this is to say there existed at this time tens of thousands of people who owned some

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Castle or Fortresses and could say no to whoever wanted to plunder them or oppress them or

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tax them or whatever it was because castles for a long time were indeed a very effective

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means of protecting yourself against any kind of enemy.

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And this protection that fortresses and castles constituted only gradually disappeared with

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the development of artillery, which appears for the very first time in 1325, but does

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has not become really a relevant factor of warfare until about 200 years later, that is, in the 1500s.

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The fighting forces during this feudal age consisted by and large of mounted knights,

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Horses, which were quite expensive at this time. Horses, after all, compete in a way with men for food, and it was an expensive thing to own a horse and armor and all the rest of it to make up a fighting night.

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And in addition, there were archers used in warfare.

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And from 1300 on until about 1500,

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important role was also played by pikers.

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That was a strategy developed in particular

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by the Swiss, assembling large groups of people.

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In German, they were called Spieser Gewalthaufen.

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Joe Stromberg might be the perfect person

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to translate this, piker violence clusters,

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or something like this would be the translation, I guess.

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And these groups of pikers were the first development that

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could take care of mounted knights.

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Before mounted knights were, so to speak, the none plus ultra

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in terms of weaponry until these massive groups of pikers

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came into existence.

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And they could take care of these mounted knights.

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These groups sometimes were 3,000, 4,000, 5,000 people large

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and then simply just eliminating the horses.

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The fighters themselves were either the vassals

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of the lords or the tenants of the lords.

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Recall during the feudal time, there

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existed some sort of contractual relationship

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between those people, the lords who owned the fortresses

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and offered protection, and then the various tenants

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that they had for mutual assistance in cases of conflict.

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And somewhat later, also mercenaries, mercenary groups

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appeared, that is, groups that could be hired by whoever

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needed them for defensive or aggressive purposes.

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Fights were quite frequent at that time,

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but they were, of course, as you can imagine,

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of comparatively small scale.

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And typically, they were some sort of inheritance disputes.

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Who owns this place?

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who owns this piece of land, and so forth.

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No army at that time exceeded 20,000 people,

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and most armies were significantly smaller than this.

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But what is important, there existed certain rules

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about how to fight.

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Despite the fact that these fights were bloody,

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there existed something like knightly honor.

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And the knightly honor prescribed certain ways

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of proceeding and outlawed other ways.

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And I want to read you a quote to this effect

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by Stanislaw Andreski, who I mentioned a few times before.

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He writes here that, at the height

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of the medieval civilization, the wars

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were almost sporting matches, bloody to be sure,

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but just as restricted by conventions.

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Let us look at one of the many examples of such a spirit.

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At the beginning of the 15th century,

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Jagiello, the King of Poland and Lithuania, was fighting the order of the Teutonic Knights.

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On one occasion he found their army when it was crossing a river and, although many of

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his warriors were eager to pounce upon the enemy, he restrained them because he thought

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that it was unworthy of a knight to attack the enemy who was not ready.

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When both armies finally met upon a fair ground, they first engaged in parlays, during which

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the envoys of the Teutonic knights gave Jagiello two swords, thus mocking the inferior armament

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of his troops.

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Having slept overnight, each side celebrated a mass in its camp, and when both sides were

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Already, they signaled to each other by trumpeting and then rushed into battle.

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As a rule, the medieval knights considered it unworthy of their honor to attack by surprise

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or pursue the defeated enemy.

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The knights who fell from their horses were usually spared and released for ransom.

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When mercenaries became used as soldiers, wars likewise were mostly bloodless battles.

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The mercenaries were a bunch of adventurous international men.

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They were not united by any kind of ideology, and their general attitude was that my enemy

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today might be my employer tomorrow, so I had better watch out to protect myself from

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being killed, wait until those people who are my enemies maybe go bankrupt and have to

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give up, but in any case avoid massive amounts of casualties.

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And to this effect, a quote from J.F.C. Fuller, a military historian, who writes on mercenary

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warfare in 14th century Italy.

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He writes, in Florence and in Milan and other ducal principalities, in their fractional

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In their contests, their tyrants relied on highly trained professional mercenaries hired out by their condottieri or contractor captains.

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These soldiers fought solely for profit. One year they might sell their services to one prince and to his rival the next.

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For them, war was a business as well as an art, in which the ransom of prisoners was

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more profitable than killing their employers' enemies.

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Because war was their trade, to prolong a war rather than end it was clearly to their

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advantage.

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Hence, the historian Jokardini writes, they would spend the whole summer on the siege

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of a Fortified Place, so that wars were interminable,

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and campaigns ended with little or no loss of life.

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And by the end of the 15th century,

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such noted soldiers as the Condottieri Paolo Vitelli

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and Prospero Colonna declared that wars are won rather

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by industry and cunning than by the actual clash of arms.

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And of these soldiers, Sir Charles Oman writes,

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The consequences of leaving the conduct of war in the hands of the great mercenary captains

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was that it came often to be waged as a mere tactical exercise or a game of chess, the

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aim being to maneuver the enemy into an impossible situation and then capture him rather than

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to exhaust him by a series of costly battles.

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It was even suspected that the condottieri, like dishonest pugilists, sometimes settled

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beforehand that they would draw the game.

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Battles when they did occur were often bloodless affairs.

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Machiavelli cites cases of general actions in which there were only two or three men

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at Arms Slain, though the prisoners were to be numbered by hundreds.

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From the 16th through the 17th century, essentially until the end of the Thirty Years War in 1648,

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We see a change in warfare.

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We might call this period the period where not states fight each other but wars are conducted

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in order to create states.

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When I talked about the origin of the state, I explained how kings frequently try to create

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the Hobbesian situation of war of all against all in order then out of this war to come

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out as a state rather than as a feudal king who had to rely on voluntary contributions

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from his various vessels.

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And again, just to document the ceases that these wars, because these wars were quite

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brutal from the 16th to the 17th century, to document that these were wars that were

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were used as instruments to the formation of states.

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A quote from a German historian who writes,

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the period from 1500 to 1700 was by far the most war-like

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which Europe had seen up to this point.

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In 95% of the years, there was some war.

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On the average, every three years a new war was started, whereby the duration and the extent increased over time.

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In this case, up to the Thirty Years War, these wars were not interstate wars, but they were state formation wars.

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And the state formation wars, of course, were fought precisely in the period of the Protestant

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Revolution.

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As I explained, the Protestant Revolution was precisely the events used by the various

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princes in order to combine earthly and religious power and establish themselves as state rulers

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rather than feudal kings.

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During this period, 1500 to 1648, for the first time,

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the wars take on an ideological connotation.

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I recall what I mentioned before was

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The mercenaries had no ideology to fight.

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The various feudal nobles fighting each other typically had also no ideological purposes

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in mind behind their fighting.

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But their reason for fighting were more or less inheritance disputes, which tend to be

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settled once you have occupied a certain territory, then the war is basically over.

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But these religious wars were of course ideologically motivated wars and ideologically motivated

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wars.

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I'll come back to that later on when I talk about democratic wars.

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Ideologically motivated wars tend to be far more brutal because they involve, so to speak,

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the involvement of the masses than professional wars.

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For the first time during this period,

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also muskets were used, which had a range of about 200 meters,

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slightly more than 200 yards.

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But they were only able to shoot once per minute about.

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And artillery was used now to a larger extent.

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And in addition, from the 17th century

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on, a combination of the piking strategy

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with the Shooting Musket was introduced to by using bayonets.

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The ability to use artillery and muskets

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made it possible for the first time

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to defeat these clusters of pikers

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before it was impossible basically to break them up.

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Now through artillery fire and through the use of muskets,

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you could break up these clusters of pikers

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to spread around and then be able to attack them.

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And also the fortifications, which for a long time

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had offered, so to speak, solid protection,

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became less and less protective because

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of the development of artillery.

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And in response to the development of artillery,

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new types of fortifications were developed,

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either in the form of triangles or in the form of stars

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and with some sort of water mounts in front of them

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in order to force the artillery to be placed at greater

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distances and make the artillery less

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effective in crushing the walls of the fortifications.

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The religious uprisings, which were initially stimulated by people like Luther and the various Protestant reformers and the social chaos that resulted from it,

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as I said, was used by the various princes as a springboard for the state formation and forcing the smaller nobility into submission and accepting, so to speak, the ruler, the rule and the taxing power of the larger lords.

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In addition, of course, these religious wars were used by the princes to grab, as I also mentioned before, to grab the substantial amounts of property that the Catholic Church owned.

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In some countries up to 30% of cultivated land was owned by the churches and kings formed now alliances with some national religions and the old style separation between church and state increasingly broke

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at the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, still, however, the German territories, for

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for instance, had lost some, which had about 20 million people before, had lost 8 million people as a result of this period of permanent state formation wars.

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and the modern state came into existence in Europe at the end of this 30 years war.

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Typically now standing armies came into existence.

244
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Standing armies were of course far more expensive than hiring mercenaries here

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00:32:18.660 --> 00:32:23.380
is here and there and then dismissing them again.

246
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So the formation of standing armies

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requires already a certain amount

248
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of centralization of power and requires, of course,

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that taxing power exists on the part of the lords or kings.

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During the Thirty Years' War, for instance,

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There existed still some 1,500 independent condottieri, army leaders.

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All of these were now consolidated into standing armies, either they were dissolved or they

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were simply taken over as a state army.

254
00:33:14.300 --> 00:33:26.300
and had to be paid, of course, during peacetime and during wartime, which made them quite expensive.

255
00:33:26.300 --> 00:33:34.300
Nonetheless, even at this time, Europe still remained highly decentralized.

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To give you an indication of this, even after the Thirty Years' War, Germany consisted still of 234 countries and 51 free cities and about 1,000 independent large manors owned by significant noble families.

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and the period, noble people, now then after 1648, the next period of warfare begins, which we might call the period of monarchical warfare and before I come to characterise this period of monarchical warfare,

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Warfare, let me present some theoretical arguments that help us understand the development that

259
00:34:44.460 --> 00:34:52.460
results now after the 30 years war.

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First we should recognize that institutions such as states show a natural aggressiveness.

261
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The explanation is very simple.

262
00:35:10.480 --> 00:35:22.480
If you have to fund your own aggressive ventures yourself out of your own pocket, that will

263
00:35:22.480 --> 00:35:30.260
sometimes curtail your natural inclination to fight other people, because you have to

264
00:35:30.260 --> 00:35:33.400
pay it yourself.

265
00:35:33.400 --> 00:35:42.760
On the other hand, if you imagine that if I want to fight some of you guys and I can

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00:35:42.760 --> 00:35:51.620
text him or him or him and ask them to support me in my fighting endeavors, then whatever

267
00:35:51.620 --> 00:36:00.880
my initial aggressive impulses might be are certainly stimulated because I can externalize

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00:36:00.880 --> 00:36:04.840
the cost of war onto other people.

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00:36:04.840 --> 00:36:08.880
I don't have to bear the cost myself.

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00:36:08.880 --> 00:36:11.040
Other people have to bear the cost.

271
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This explains, so to speak, why institutions

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00:36:14.160 --> 00:36:17.920
that have the power to tax, and also institutions

273
00:36:17.920 --> 00:36:21.520
in particular that have the power to print money

274
00:36:21.520 --> 00:36:28.000
in later ages, have financial abilities, of course,

275
00:36:28.000 --> 00:36:35.100
that make it more likely that they go to war than you would go to war if the power to tax

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00:36:35.100 --> 00:36:43.060
is lacking or the power to print money is lacking on your part.

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We can also see that states, because they compete with each other for population, do

278
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Do not like to see taxing states, do not like to see if people move from one state to another state.

279
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After all, every individual that moves from one place to another means there is one taxpayer less,

280
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and your opponent gets likely one taxpayer more.

281
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The high degree of decentralization that existed in Europe went hand in hand also with a high degree of regional mobility, people moving from territories that were more oppressive to territories that were less oppressive and this of course then causes, so to speak, automatically rivalry

282
00:37:48.020 --> 00:37:58.420
between the different states and leads frequently leads frequently to to war

283
00:37:58.420 --> 00:38:07.020
and we can say that this competition of states in contrast to the competition of

284
00:38:07.020 --> 00:38:14.580
General Motors against Ford or Toyota against Honda or whatever it is that the

285
00:38:14.580 --> 00:38:24.180
The competition of states is an eliminative competition.

286
00:38:24.180 --> 00:38:35.340
It is possible that Ford and Toyota and Honda and GM can live side by side, coexist side

287
00:38:35.340 --> 00:38:41.300
by side until the end of history.

288
00:38:41.300 --> 00:38:55.300
However, there can in any given territory be only one institution that is entitled to tax and pass laws.

289
00:38:55.300 --> 00:39:04.300
There cannot be free competition in a territory in terms of taxing power and legislative power.

290
00:39:04.300 --> 00:39:11.300
If everybody could tax everybody, so to speak, there would be quickly nothing left to be taxed.

291
00:39:11.300 --> 00:39:18.300
And everybody could make laws. Chaos would break out.

292
00:39:18.300 --> 00:39:29.300
So the competition between states is eliminative in the sense that in any given territory there can only exist one taxing authority

293
00:39:29.300 --> 00:39:34.300
and one monopolist of legislation.

294
00:39:34.300 --> 00:39:43.300
And so we should expect that wars will by and large lead to a tendency of concentration.

295
00:39:43.300 --> 00:39:52.300
That is, more and more of these small states are eliminated and the territories of states become

296
00:39:52.300 --> 00:40:11.300
And we can also quickly address and solve the question, who is about to win and who is about to lose in these types of battles.

297
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If you assume that the states were initially of roughly equal size with roughly equal populations, then we recognize that some sort of paradox that is those states that treat their population nicer,

298
00:40:39.300 --> 00:40:50.860
more liberal states, so to speak, are the states that have a more prosperous civil society

299
00:40:50.860 --> 00:41:00.580
than those states that mistreat their population, because if you are liberal to your population,

300
00:41:00.580 --> 00:41:05.220
less oppressive to your population, they tend to be more productive.

301
00:41:05.220 --> 00:41:13.180
And after all, in a war, in order to conduct a war, especially a war that lasts for a while,

302
00:41:13.180 --> 00:41:16.300
that requires that you have a productive population.

303
00:41:16.300 --> 00:41:25.660
People have to continue working, have to continue making weaponry and so forth and feeding the

304
00:41:25.660 --> 00:41:30.380
soldiers and whatever it is.

305
00:41:30.380 --> 00:41:37.740
And those territories, those state territories that oppress their population tend to be also

306
00:41:37.740 --> 00:41:49.060
the poorer places and have less resources on which to draw in the conduct of war.

307
00:41:49.060 --> 00:41:58.020
So we would expect that as a tendency, so to speak, that more liberal states will tend

308
00:41:58.020 --> 00:42:08.620
to defeat, at least in the long run, less liberal states, wiping them out and enlarging

309
00:42:08.620 --> 00:42:16.220
their territory at the expense of these less liberal states.

310
00:42:16.220 --> 00:42:24.720
You can also see, however, that there is a limitation in this tendency.

311
00:42:24.720 --> 00:42:31.860
That is, the larger the territories become, the more difficult it becomes, of course,

312
00:42:31.860 --> 00:42:38.200
for people to move from one territory to another.

313
00:42:38.200 --> 00:42:46.200
At the conceivable endpoint of the process of concentration that would be, we have a

314
00:42:46.200 --> 00:42:58.200
in a one world state, so to speak, the possibility of people to move with their feet entirely disappears.

315
00:42:58.200 --> 00:43:08.200
Wherever you go, the same tax and regulation structure applies and the implication of that is that of course,

316
00:43:08.200 --> 00:43:26.200
Increasingly then, with larger and larger size of the territories, the initial reason for state rulers to be comparatively moderate in their taxing and regulation policy to their own population in order to be successful in wars,

317
00:43:26.200 --> 00:43:38.200
This initial motive disappears more and more, the larger the territories become and the more difficult voting with feet becomes.

318
00:43:38.200 --> 00:43:43.200
So we can recognize some sort of dialectic process.

319
00:43:43.200 --> 00:43:48.200
Initially you want to be relatively liberal in order to expand your territory.

320
00:43:48.200 --> 00:43:52.200
The more successful you become in expanding your territory,

321
00:43:52.200 --> 00:44:07.200
The less important becomes the motive to be liberal to your own population because voting with your feet becomes ever more difficult.

322
00:44:07.200 --> 00:44:34.200
Jumping ahead for a moment, this sort of paradox that liberal states tend to be more aggressive in their foreign policy is nicely illustrated in a way by comparing the United States and the former Soviet Union.

323
00:44:34.200 --> 00:44:42.200
There's no doubt that the former Soviet Union was, of course, an extremely oppressive state internally,

324
00:44:42.200 --> 00:44:49.200
with the result being that, of course, they had a basket case economy.

325
00:44:49.200 --> 00:44:58.200
And the United States, on the other hand, being a comparatively nice country, at least comparatively speaking,

326
00:44:58.200 --> 00:45:28.200
was a very prosperous economy and if we now look so to speak at the foreign policy of these two countries we find what some people consider to be a curious result but which I think can be easily explained we find that the Soviet Union engaged in comparatively little amounts of imperialist ventures and those imperialist ventures

327
00:45:28.200 --> 00:45:54.200
The countries that they engaged in were usually like second, third, fourth rate places because they knew precisely that their economy was so weak that they could not take on a highly developed country due to a lack of resources needed in the conduct of war.

328
00:45:54.200 --> 00:46:15.700
Keep in mind that the main territorial gains that the Soviet Union achieved were territorial gains that were granted to it by the United States as a result of these various agreements during World War II.

329
00:46:15.700 --> 00:46:22.620
that all of Eastern Europe was given to the Soviet Union

330
00:46:22.620 --> 00:46:26.300
by the Americans.

331
00:46:26.300 --> 00:46:29.820
It would not have been possible for the Soviet Union

332
00:46:29.820 --> 00:46:35.620
to take over all of these places if they would have had to fight,

333
00:46:35.620 --> 00:46:40.260
so to speak, the United States to the hilt.

334
00:46:40.260 --> 00:46:43.980
The United States actually, the leadership of the United States

335
00:46:43.980 --> 00:46:53.980
actually ordered some of the generals, like General Patton, to withdraw and prevent him

336
00:46:53.980 --> 00:47:01.260
from marching further to the east, taking over places like Prague and so forth and preventing

337
00:47:01.260 --> 00:47:05.420
communism from spreading to the west.

338
00:47:05.420 --> 00:47:12.980
So the main territorial gains of the Soviet Union can hardly be described as the result

339
00:47:12.980 --> 00:47:19.300
of Their Internal Imperialist Desires.

340
00:47:19.300 --> 00:47:22.500
But if you compare this with the foreign policy

341
00:47:22.500 --> 00:47:25.260
of the United States, you find that the United States has,

342
00:47:25.260 --> 00:47:28.780
in fact, in every single year been engaged in some sort

343
00:47:28.780 --> 00:47:32.460
of imperialist ventures.

344
00:47:32.460 --> 00:47:36.020
And the explanation for this is precisely the United States

345
00:47:36.020 --> 00:47:39.180
did that because they knew that because

346
00:47:39.180 --> 00:47:44.720
of their Internal Resources, because of their internal wealth,

347
00:47:44.720 --> 00:47:48.260
they would likely become winners, whereas the Soviet Union

348
00:47:48.260 --> 00:47:51.620
full well knew that they would not

349
00:47:51.620 --> 00:47:59.100
be capable of waging a successful war against highly

350
00:47:59.100 --> 00:48:00.580
industrialized countries.

351
00:48:00.580 --> 00:48:02.420
That was not the result, so to speak,

352
00:48:02.420 --> 00:48:08.740
of the goodness of the hearts of Gorbachev and Brezhnev

353
00:48:08.740 --> 00:48:10.540
and all these people.

354
00:48:10.540 --> 00:48:14.740
Quite to the contrary, I admit that these were evil people

355
00:48:14.740 --> 00:48:18.060
and the Soviet Union was, so to speak, the evil empire.

356
00:48:18.060 --> 00:48:21.020
All of this is perfectly correct.

357
00:48:21.020 --> 00:48:23.940
Nonetheless, there is a rational explanation

358
00:48:23.940 --> 00:48:29.380
why they were reluctant in their imperialist desires

359
00:48:29.380 --> 00:48:33.360
and why the United States, precisely because it

360
00:48:33.360 --> 00:48:38.260
is more liberal internally, was more aggressive as far

361
00:48:38.260 --> 00:48:43.140
as its external policy is concerned.

362
00:48:46.340 --> 00:48:54.660
Now, back to the type of monarchical wars

363
00:48:54.660 --> 00:49:02.220
before the backdrop of these theoretical considerations.

364
00:49:02.220 --> 00:49:17.660
Now, recall that kings, princely rulers, regard their country as their own property, and even

365
00:49:17.660 --> 00:49:25.860
in war, which are typically again motivated by inheritance disputes, something of that

366
00:49:25.860 --> 00:49:36.020
Nature, that is, which are non ideologically motivated wars. Even during their war they

367
00:49:36.020 --> 00:49:45.200
have then some sort of incentive to preserve the territories that they try to take over

368
00:49:45.200 --> 00:49:51.300
because after all they regard themselves as the owner of the capital stock represented

369
00:49:51.300 --> 00:49:55.380
ivided by these provinces that they try to take over.

370
00:49:55.380 --> 00:50:08.540
And this then leads to a relatively civilized form of warfare during the monarchical age.

371
00:50:08.540 --> 00:50:23.220
And again some quotes to this effect referring to monarchical state wars and showing the

372
00:50:23.220 --> 00:50:36.140
moderation of these type of non-ideological, territorially motivated wars.

373
00:50:36.140 --> 00:50:47.620
On the continent commerce, travel, cultural and learned intercourse went on in wartime

374
00:50:47.620 --> 00:50:49.820
almost unhindered.

375
00:50:49.820 --> 00:50:56.300
The wars were the king's wars, the role of the good citizen was to pay his taxes and

376
00:50:56.300 --> 00:51:02.180
sound political economy dictated that he should be left alone to make the money out of which

377
00:51:02.180 --> 00:51:04.640
to pay those taxes.

378
00:51:04.640 --> 00:51:11.040
He was required to participate neither in the decision out of which wars arose, nor

379
00:51:11.040 --> 00:51:19.960
to take part in them once they broke out, unless prompted by a spirit of useful adventures.

380
00:51:19.960 --> 00:51:28.240
These matters were purely royal matters and the concern of the sovereign alone.

381
00:51:28.240 --> 00:51:40.280
And a Swiss-Italian historian, Ferrero, writes of the wars during the 18th century.

382
00:51:40.280 --> 00:51:44.800
War became limited and circumscribed by a system of precise rules.

383
00:51:44.800 --> 00:51:51.300
It was definitely regarded as a kind of single combat between the two armies, the civil population

384
00:51:51.300 --> 00:51:53.680
being merely spectators.

385
00:51:53.680 --> 00:52:01.680
Pillage, requisitions and acts of violence against the population were forbidden in the home country as well as in the enemy country.

386
00:52:01.680 --> 00:52:08.680
Each army established depots in its rear in carefully chosen towns, shifting them as it moved about.

387
00:52:08.680 --> 00:52:13.680
Conscription existed only in rudimentary and sporadic form.

388
00:52:13.680 --> 00:52:21.960
Soldiers being scarce and hard to find, everything was done to ensure their quality by a long

389
00:52:21.960 --> 00:52:28.400
patient and meticulous training, but as this was costly, it rendered them very valuable

390
00:52:28.400 --> 00:52:33.860
and it was necessary to let as few be killed as possible.

391
00:52:33.860 --> 00:52:38.720
Having to economize their men, generals tried to avoid fighting battles.

392
00:52:38.720 --> 00:52:44.960
The object of warfare was the execution of skillful maneuvers and not the annihilation

393
00:52:44.960 --> 00:52:46.560
of the adversary.

394
00:52:46.560 --> 00:52:52.460
A campaign without battles and without loss of life, a victory obtained by a clever combination

395
00:52:52.460 --> 00:52:57.880
of movements, was considered the crowning achievement of this art, the ideal pattern

396
00:52:57.880 --> 00:52:59.280
of perfection.

397
00:52:59.280 --> 00:53:04.020
It was avarice and calculation that made war more humane.

398
00:53:04.020 --> 00:53:07.280
War became a kind of game between sovereigns.

399
00:53:07.280 --> 00:53:15.320
A war was a game with its rules and its stakes, a territory, an inheritance, a throne, a treaty.

400
00:53:15.320 --> 00:53:20.280
The loser paid, but a just proportion was always kept between the value of the stake

401
00:53:20.280 --> 00:53:26.320
and the risks to be taken, and the parties were always on guard against the kind of obstinacy

402
00:53:26.320 --> 00:53:29.120
which makes a player lose its head.

403
00:53:29.120 --> 00:53:34.960
They tried to keep the game in hand and know when to stop.

404
00:53:34.960 --> 00:53:40.480
So we come back on a slightly larger scale to the form of warfare that existed during

405
00:53:40.480 --> 00:53:49.000
the age of knights, the difference being here essentially that the armies are of course

406
00:53:49.000 --> 00:53:59.280
of far larger size than they were at this earlier age.

407
00:53:59.280 --> 00:54:07.620
And now comes the next transformation in the conduct of war, and that is the transformation

408
00:54:07.620 --> 00:54:20.360
from monarchical wars to democratic wars, to national wars.

409
00:54:20.360 --> 00:54:29.880
I spoke about this transition from monarchy to democracy yesterday.

410
00:54:29.880 --> 00:54:35.640
This transition begins with the French Revolution,

411
00:54:35.640 --> 00:54:40.600
is then interrupted to a certain extent

412
00:54:40.600 --> 00:54:48.920
after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 until 1914,

413
00:54:48.920 --> 00:55:01.920
and the Outbreak of World War I and resumes in World War I and continues then after World War I up to the present.

414
00:55:01.920 --> 00:55:08.920
But the first new experience is indeed the French Revolution.

415
00:55:08.920 --> 00:55:23.920
The French Revolution represents in a way a return to these religious types of wars that I mentioned earlier.

416
00:55:23.920 --> 00:55:29.920
It is an ideologically motivated event.

417
00:55:29.920 --> 00:55:55.920
The king is killed and instead some high-floating ideals become prominent, liberty, fraternity and thinks of this and the glory of the nation and thinks of this nature.

418
00:55:55.920 --> 00:56:19.920
The right to vote is introduced, and as people could not vote before, and always said, if the king goes to war, we have nothing to do with the state, this is the king's state, we also don't get involved in the king's wars.

419
00:56:19.920 --> 00:56:43.920
Of course, now the argument was turned around, saying, now you all of a sudden, we give you a stake in the state, you participate in the state, you elect, you have the right to elect representatives and so forth, and as a consequence, of course, you also have to serve in the state's wars.

420
00:56:43.920 --> 00:56:51.800
So revolutionary France introduces for the first time, that had existed in rudimentary

421
00:56:51.800 --> 00:56:56.240
form sometimes in the past, but in very rudimentary form.

422
00:56:56.240 --> 00:57:01.720
King had tried to introduce a draft sometimes, but typically unsuccessfully.

423
00:57:01.720 --> 00:57:07.480
For the first time, we see now during the French Revolution, and in particular after

424
00:57:07.480 --> 00:57:18.200
and Napoleon Comes to Power, The Draft, Mass Draft, all people of the French population

425
00:57:18.200 --> 00:57:29.000
are somehow made participants in the war, there exists no clear-cut distinction anymore

426
00:57:29.000 --> 00:57:39.920
war between combatants and non-combatants, the resources of the entire nation are put

427
00:57:39.920 --> 00:57:55.520
at the disposal of the warring armies and since it is no longer inheritance disputes

428
00:57:55.520 --> 00:58:07.600
that Motivate Wars, but ideological differences, the hatred against monarchs, the desire to

429
00:58:07.600 --> 00:58:17.900
spread liberty, whatever that means, it becomes extremely difficult to stop wars.

430
00:58:17.900 --> 00:58:24.920
If you have non-ideologically motivated wars with territorial objectives, once you have

431
00:58:24.920 --> 00:58:31.920
Once you have reached your territorial objective, then the reason for the war is over.

432
00:58:31.920 --> 00:58:38.920
Once you have ideological motives, you want to make the world safe for liberty or nowadays for democracy,

433
00:58:38.920 --> 00:58:43.920
you are never quite sure if you actually reached your goal.

434
00:58:43.920 --> 00:58:53.920
Maybe these people just pretend that they have become Democrats or whatever, Catholics or Protestants.

435
00:58:53.920 --> 00:59:01.920
And the only way that you are really sure that you succeeded in your conversion is of course to kill as many as possible.

436
00:59:01.920 --> 00:59:07.920
Then you know for sure that they don't adhere to their old wrong beliefs anymore.

437
00:59:07.920 --> 00:59:15.920
And of course there are no borders to how far should you extend your war.

438
00:59:15.920 --> 00:59:24.920
So if you liberate Germany and turn that to make that a free country, what about Poland?

439
00:59:24.920 --> 00:59:30.920
They have not been freed yet. And if you are in Poland, then what about Russia?

440
00:59:30.920 --> 00:59:38.920
Russia needs to be freed as well. And then you turn to the south. Egypt needs to be freed and Spain needs to be freed.

441
00:59:38.920 --> 00:59:47.920
The world is a wide place, and all of them are yearning for freedom, of course.

442
00:59:47.920 --> 00:59:54.920
So it becomes very impossible to ever end a war.

443
00:59:54.920 --> 01:00:04.920
So war becomes a total war, just also the size of the armies.

444
01:00:04.920 --> 01:00:19.920
The biggest armies before Napoleon were about 400,000 under Louis XIV or something like this, which up at that point was considered a huge army.

445
01:00:19.920 --> 01:00:23.920
The armies under Napoleon are well above a million.

446
01:00:23.920 --> 01:00:45.120
And a quote here from Fuller and from Howard to illustrate this change in warfare that

447
01:00:45.120 --> 01:00:49.320
began with the French Revolution.

448
01:00:49.320 --> 01:00:58.280
First Howard, he says, once the state ceased to be regarded as property of dynastic princes

449
01:00:58.280 --> 01:01:04.320
and became instead the instrument of powerful forces dedicated to such abstract concepts

450
01:01:04.320 --> 01:01:11.360
as liberty or nationality or revolution, which enabled large numbers of the population to

451
01:01:11.360 --> 01:01:18.880
see in that state the embodiment of some absolute good for which no price was too high, no sacrifice

452
01:01:18.880 --> 01:01:26.760
is too great to pay, then the temperate and indecisive contests of the Rococo age appeared

453
01:01:26.760 --> 01:01:31.120
as an absurd anachronism.

454
01:01:31.120 --> 01:01:39.680
And another quote, a new era had begun, the era of national wars, of wars which were to

455
01:01:39.680 --> 01:01:47.320
assume a maddening pace, for those wars were destined to throw into the fight all the resources

456
01:01:47.320 --> 01:01:53.620
of the Nation. They were to set themselves the goal not of a dynastic interest, not the

457
01:01:53.620 --> 01:02:00.160
conquest or possession of a province, but the defense or propagation of a philosophical

458
01:02:00.160 --> 01:02:07.560
idea in the first place, next of principles of independence, of unity, of non-material

459
01:02:07.560 --> 01:02:14.400
advantages of various kinds. Lastly, they staked upon the issue the interests and fortune

460
01:02:14.400 --> 01:02:16.680
of Every Individual Private.

461
01:02:16.680 --> 01:02:21.360
Hence, the rise of passions, that is, the elements of force,

462
01:02:21.360 --> 01:02:25.280
hitherto in the main unused.

463
01:02:25.280 --> 01:02:31.640
And another quote very revealing from GFC Fuller,

464
01:02:31.640 --> 01:02:35.040
the influence of the spirit of nationality

465
01:02:35.040 --> 01:02:38.880
that is of democracy on war was profound.

466
01:02:38.880 --> 01:02:43.560
It emotionalized war and consequently brutalized it.

467
01:02:43.560 --> 01:02:50.860
In the 18th century, wars were largely the occupation of kings, courtiers and gentlemen.

468
01:02:50.860 --> 01:02:56.040
Armies lived in their depots, they interfered as little as possible with the people, and

469
01:02:56.040 --> 01:03:01.440
as soldiers were paid out of the king's privy purse, they were too costly to be thrown

470
01:03:01.440 --> 01:03:04.500
away lightly on massed attacks.

471
01:03:04.500 --> 01:03:07.580
The change came with the French Revolution.

472
01:03:07.580 --> 01:03:14.820
Since Culeotosum replaced courtiership, and as armies became more and more the instruments

473
01:03:14.820 --> 01:03:20.260
of the people, not only did they grow in size, but in ferocity.

474
01:03:20.260 --> 01:03:25.100
National armies fight nations, royal armies fight their like.

475
01:03:25.100 --> 01:03:32.660
The first obey a mob, always demented, the second a king, generally sane.

476
01:03:32.660 --> 01:03:38.540
All this developed out of the French Revolution, which also gave to the world conscription,

477
01:03:38.540 --> 01:03:46.580
herd warfare, and the herd coupling with finance and commerce has begotten new realms of war.

478
01:03:46.580 --> 01:03:55.180
For once the whole nation fights, then is the whole national credit available for the

479
01:03:55.180 --> 01:03:58.060
purposes of war.

480
01:03:58.060 --> 01:04:00.660
Conscription changed the basis of warfare.

481
01:04:00.660 --> 01:04:05.900
These are two soldiers had been costly, now they were cheap.

482
01:04:05.900 --> 01:04:09.100
Battles had been avoided, now they were sought.

483
01:04:09.100 --> 01:04:15.420
And however heavy were the losses, they could rapidly be made good by the muster roll.

484
01:04:15.420 --> 01:04:22.020
From August of 1793, when the Parliament of the French Republic decreed universal compulsory

485
01:04:22.020 --> 01:04:30.540
military service, not only was war to become more and more unlimited, but finally total.

486
01:04:30.540 --> 01:04:35.980
In the fourth decade of the twentieth century, life was held so cheaply that the massacre

487
01:04:35.980 --> 01:04:44.820
of civilian populations on wholesale lines became as accepted as strategic aim as battles

488
01:04:44.820 --> 01:04:46.840
were in previous wars.

489
01:04:46.840 --> 01:04:54.100
In 150 years, conscription had led the world back to tribal barbarism.

490
01:04:54.100 --> 01:05:03.340
Now, there was, as I said, a small pause then after the defeat of Napoleon.

491
01:05:03.340 --> 01:05:11.340
The next, the wars that were fought in Europe during the 19th century after Napoleon's defeat,

492
01:05:11.340 --> 01:05:21.060
such as the war, for instance, Germany against France in 1870-71, was again a traditional

493
01:05:21.060 --> 01:05:28.900
Monarchical War, almost harmless, the German officers resided in hotels and paid their

494
01:05:28.900 --> 01:05:41.980
bills in French hotels, whereas the French military asked the hoteliers to wait for payment

495
01:05:41.980 --> 01:05:52.900
until later dates, practically no involvement of the civilian population whatsoever.

496
01:05:52.900 --> 01:05:59.680
The only exception in the 19th century, the only major exception in the 19th century from

497
01:05:59.680 --> 01:06:08.260
this return to civilized warfare, if we can call warfare civilized at all, the only exception

498
01:06:08.260 --> 01:06:14.260
was the American War of Sassan independence.

499
01:06:14.260 --> 01:06:20.920
And this, again, was a typical democratic war, so much about the Caesars that democracies

500
01:06:20.920 --> 01:06:27.500
do not fight each other and democracies are somehow suitable to create peace.

501
01:06:27.500 --> 01:06:33.820
The only democratic war, so to speak, in the 19th century was, again, the only ideologically

502
01:06:33.820 --> 01:06:42.820
and the American Civil War was, up until this point, unsurpassed in terms of brutality.

503
01:06:42.820 --> 01:06:52.820
It was at least as brutal as the religious wars had been many centuries before.

504
01:06:52.820 --> 01:07:02.820
And as you all know, more Americans were killed in that war than Americans died in World War I.

505
01:07:02.820 --> 01:07:10.380
War I and in World War II as well.

506
01:07:10.380 --> 01:07:27.980
This war also brings for the first time to bear all modern weaponry, machine guns and

507
01:07:27.980 --> 01:07:41.980
telegraphs and railroads and steam ships and rifles of great accuracy over some thousand meters and so forth.

508
01:07:41.980 --> 01:07:55.980
And then this type of warfare, of which the American War was a typical example and the French one, the Napoleonic Wars before,

509
01:07:55.980 --> 01:08:10.980
This type of warfare then continues with World War I, in particular, after the entry of the United States, which was much earlier than the official entry.

510
01:08:10.980 --> 01:08:24.980
The United States, of course, was from the very beginning due to British propaganda on the side of the Western forces.

511
01:08:24.980 --> 01:08:43.980
And incidentally, the entry of the United States into the war was much facilitated by two of our most beloved institutions,

512
01:08:43.980 --> 01:08:48.980
one of which is the introduction of the income tax in 1913,

513
01:08:48.980 --> 01:09:11.980
and the other one is the founding of the Federal Reserve System in the same year, both of which of course facilitated greatly the possibility of a country like the United States carrying on a war far away from its own shores.

514
01:09:11.980 --> 01:09:36.980
Just to give you some ballpark idea, for instance, the reserve requirements for the central bank during the war were lowered from 20% before the war to 10% in the war, which basically implies a doubling of the money supply,

515
01:09:36.980 --> 01:09:45.380
which of course enables greatly the financing of adventures such as this.

516
01:09:45.380 --> 01:09:58.980
And again, with the entry of the United States early on, what began as some sort of traditional

517
01:09:58.980 --> 01:10:08.980
and the European monarchical war and could have ended easily by 1916.

518
01:10:08.980 --> 01:10:19.980
There were various peace initiatives underway, some by the Pope, some by the Austrian Emperor Karl.

519
01:10:19.980 --> 01:10:31.980
This war then became an ideological war, as you know, the war to make the world safe for democracy.

520
01:10:31.980 --> 01:10:43.980
As my old friend Kühnert Ledin said, more appropriate would it be to say we should not make the world safe for democracy,

521
01:10:43.980 --> 01:10:48.980
we should make the world safe from democracy.

522
01:10:48.980 --> 01:10:59.600
And as a result of this ideologically motivated war, the war ended, of course, not with a

523
01:10:59.600 --> 01:11:12.340
mutually face-saving compromise piece, but ended with a completely ridiculous demand for

524
01:11:12.340 --> 01:11:20.700
total and complete and unconditional surrender, enforcing the Germans and the Austrians to

525
01:11:20.700 --> 01:11:29.740
accept sole and exclusive guilt for the war, despite the fact that even nowadays there

526
01:11:29.740 --> 01:11:38.100
are very few historians who would maintain that this was exclusively caused by Austria

527
01:11:38.100 --> 01:11:46.300
or Germany, if anything, the most guilty parties in my judgment were the Russians by encouraging

528
01:11:46.300 --> 01:11:54.380
the Serbs not to give in to the relatively moderate demands of the Austrians, and the

529
01:11:54.380 --> 01:11:58.780
Russians would not have done that if they would not have had some sort of alliance with

530
01:11:58.780 --> 01:12:07.220
the British, encouraging the Russians, so to speak, to behave the way they did.

531
01:12:07.220 --> 01:12:15.980
So I would, in my judgment, not being an historian, just being amateur historian, so to speak,

532
01:12:15.980 --> 01:12:25.500
I would blame Russia and England more so than Austria and Germany for the war.

533
01:12:25.500 --> 01:12:38.540
But in any case, this war ending was a disastrous peace treaty, which then implied already the

534
01:12:38.540 --> 01:12:44.820
seeds for the Second World War.

535
01:12:44.820 --> 01:12:50.180
In many ways, the Second World War can be just considered to be the continuation of

536
01:12:50.180 --> 01:12:56.180
This is the first one with a brief interlude.

537
01:12:56.180 --> 01:13:11.180
As a matter of fact, one of the better-known German historians, Ernst Nolte, has written a book with the title that this was, whatever, a 30 years war,

538
01:13:11.180 --> 01:13:21.180
that is describing history in a way as World War I almost automatically led up to World War II.

539
01:13:21.180 --> 01:13:30.180
And of World War II, we know exactly the same thing happened there, an ideologically motivated war,

540
01:13:30.180 --> 01:13:51.220
or America siding with Stalin, who was a bigger killer than Hitler by far, and not only no

541
01:13:51.220 --> 01:13:58.780
longer respecting in any way the distinction between combatants and non-combatants, wiping

542
01:13:58.780 --> 01:14:07.660
handing out huge masses of the civilian population at points when the outcome of the war was

543
01:14:07.660 --> 01:14:15.940
long decided just for the mere purpose of instilling terror in the population and then

544
01:14:15.940 --> 01:14:25.180
handing over all of Middle and Eastern Europe to communist rule.

545
01:14:25.180 --> 01:14:38.060
This is, I'm more or less done, I want to just read only one long quote from Mises that

546
01:14:38.060 --> 01:14:53.780
does not deal directly with the questions, can societies natural orders so to speak defend

547
01:14:53.780 --> 01:15:06.500
themselves against enemy states, but it can be read as an indirect statement on this question.

548
01:15:06.500 --> 01:15:20.260
Can free societies defend themselves against hordes of barbarians trying to occupy them?

549
01:15:20.260 --> 01:15:34.380
And the upshot of this longer quotation is, yes, it is precisely the internal coherence,

550
01:15:34.380 --> 01:15:43.820
the integration economically and monetarily of highly civilized societies that can withstand

551
01:15:43.820 --> 01:15:50.420
the onslaught of even the most barbarian invasions.

552
01:15:50.420 --> 01:15:52.860
Mises says here this.

553
01:15:52.860 --> 01:15:56.180
We must reject a priori any assumption

554
01:15:56.180 --> 01:15:59.380
that historical evolution is provided

555
01:15:59.380 --> 01:16:05.180
with a goal by any intention or hidden plan of nature,

556
01:16:05.180 --> 01:16:09.060
such as Kant imagined and Hegel had in mind.

557
01:16:09.060 --> 01:16:13.100
But we cannot avoid the inquiry whether a principle might not

558
01:16:13.100 --> 01:16:18.980
cannot be found to demonstrate that continuous social growth is inevitable.

559
01:16:18.980 --> 01:16:24.260
The first principle this offers itself to our attention is the principle of natural

560
01:16:24.260 --> 01:16:30.320
selection. More highly developed societies attain greater material wealth than the less

561
01:16:30.320 --> 01:16:36.060
highly developed. Therefore, they have more prospect of preserving their members from

562
01:16:36.060 --> 01:16:43.060
misery and poverty. They are also better equipped to defend themselves from the enemy. One must

563
01:16:43.060 --> 01:16:48.700
must not be misled by the observation that richer and more civilized nations were often

564
01:16:48.700 --> 01:16:53.420
crushed in war by nations less wealthy and civilized.

565
01:16:53.420 --> 01:16:59.060
Nations in an advanced stage of social evolution have always been able at least to resist a

566
01:16:59.060 --> 01:17:02.460
superior force of less developed nations.

567
01:17:02.460 --> 01:17:09.060
It is only decaying nations, civilizations inwardly disintegrated, which have fallen

568
01:17:09.060 --> 01:17:12.180
a prey to nations on the upgrade.

569
01:17:12.180 --> 01:17:30.180
Where a more highly organized society has succumbed to the attack of a less developed people, the victors have in the end been culturally submerged, accepting the economic and social order and even the language and faith of the conquered race.

570
01:17:30.180 --> 01:17:47.180
The superiority of the more highly developed societies lies not only in their material welfare, but also quantitatively in the number of their members and qualitatively in the greater solidity of their internal structure.

571
01:17:47.180 --> 01:18:01.180
For this precisely is the key to higher social development, the widening of the social range, the inclusion in the division of labor of more human beings and its stronger grip on each individual.

572
01:18:01.180 --> 01:18:08.180
The more highly developed society differs from the less developed in the closer union of its members.

573
01:18:08.180 --> 01:18:17.180
This precludes the violent solution of internal conflict and forms externally a closed defensive front against any enemy.

574
01:18:17.180 --> 01:18:28.180
In less developed societies where the social bond is still weak and between the separate parts of which there exists a confederation for the purposes of war alone,

575
01:18:28.180 --> 01:18:34.340
Rather than true solidarity based on joint work and economic cooperation, this agreement

576
01:18:34.340 --> 01:18:40.100
breaks out more easily and more quickly than in highly developed societies.

577
01:18:40.100 --> 01:18:45.660
For the military confederation has no firm and lasting hold upon its members.

578
01:18:45.660 --> 01:18:52.260
By its very nature, it is merely a temporary bond which is upheld by the prospect of momentary

579
01:18:52.260 --> 01:18:58.620
advantage, but dissolves as soon as the enemy has been defeated and the scramble for booty

580
01:18:58.620 --> 01:19:00.700
sets in.

581
01:19:00.700 --> 01:19:06.700
In fighting against the less developed societies, the more developed ones have always found

582
01:19:06.700 --> 01:19:12.380
that their greatest advantage lay in the lack of unity in the enemy's ranks.

583
01:19:12.380 --> 01:19:18.220
Only temporarily do the nations in a lower state of organization manage to cooperate

584
01:19:18.220 --> 01:19:21.900
for greater military enterprises.

585
01:19:21.900 --> 01:19:27.900
Traditional disunity has always dispersed their armies quickly.

586
01:19:27.900 --> 01:19:34.600
Take for example the Mongol raids on the Central European civilization of the 13th century

587
01:19:34.600 --> 01:19:38.960
or the efforts of the Turks to penetrate into the West.

588
01:19:38.960 --> 01:19:45.180
The superiority of the industrial over the military type of society, to use Herbert Spencer's

589
01:19:45.180 --> 01:19:51.680
expression, consists largely in the fact that associations which are merely military always

590
01:19:51.680 --> 01:19:55.680
fall to pieces through internal disunity.

591
01:19:55.680 --> 01:19:59.680
With this I'll conclude this lecture.

592
01:19:59.680 --> 01:20:01.680
Thank you very much.

593
01:20:09.680 --> 01:20:11.680
Can you give the reference?

594
01:20:11.680 --> 01:20:35.680
How would you answer or respond to the state of the Soviet Union, one, World War II?

595
01:20:41.680 --> 01:21:02.960
The Soviet Union would not have won a war without the assistance of the Western Allies.

596
01:21:02.960 --> 01:21:09.520
Germany itself was a relatively socialist economy, less so than the Soviet Union, but

597
01:21:09.520 --> 01:21:15.520
But I think if it would have been a war, just Germany against the Soviet Union, there's

598
01:21:15.520 --> 01:21:25.520
no doubt in my mind that that would have ended with a decisive German victory.

599
01:21:25.520 --> 01:21:34.040
And then I'm not sure what people say, but then Hitler would have taken over the world.

600
01:21:34.040 --> 01:21:42.560
First of all we had Stalin taken over the world for a while, of that we are pretty sure.

601
01:21:42.560 --> 01:21:54.640
And there existed a substantial amount of opposition against Hitler in Germany.

602
01:21:54.640 --> 01:22:02.200
The western allies refused out of hand to ever cooperate with the German resistance

603
01:22:02.200 --> 01:22:12.880
resistance movement that existed and tried to play it down as irrelevant and unimportant,

604
01:22:12.880 --> 01:22:22.280
especially because the German resistance movement consisted of course of the aristocracy.

605
01:22:22.280 --> 01:22:30.000
And after all, America was there to spread democracy and they hated in particular those

606
01:22:30.000 --> 01:22:37.120
Those types which still played a great role in the German army.

607
01:22:37.120 --> 01:22:45.640
Hitler at one point had said that the thing that he had regretted the most was that he

608
01:22:45.640 --> 01:22:50.600
had not done what Stalin had done with the Russian army.

609
01:22:50.600 --> 01:22:59.120
That is to eliminate all the czarist officers that he had inherited so to speak, killing

610
01:22:59.120 --> 01:23:23.120
Hitler realized that he had very limited support in the German Wehrmacht, and because of that built a second tier, the SS organizations were the same sort of structuring as the army,

611
01:23:23.120 --> 01:23:38.120
and the Army precisely because he knew that the Wehrmacht was not a trustworthy institution because it was filled with old aristocrats who had nothing but contempt for Hitler.

612
01:23:38.120 --> 01:23:46.120
So again, these sorts of things are very difficult to predict what would have happened.

613
01:23:46.120 --> 01:24:12.120
I have my doubts that things would have turned out significantly worse if Hitler had won the war than what happened as a result of Stalin winning the war.

614
01:24:12.120 --> 01:24:22.120
Let's put it this way. I don't want to go too deep into these sorts of tricky, tricky questions.

615
01:24:22.120 --> 01:24:25.120
Any other questions?

616
01:24:25.120 --> 01:24:34.120
Cecil Rhodes documented an agreement out of the hierarchy, royalty, and the Prime Ministers of England

617
01:24:34.120 --> 01:24:43.120
He had a two-fold purpose, and that was that English-speaking people would rule the world.

618
01:24:43.120 --> 01:24:54.120
His money, diamonds and gold, went into Oxford. Oxford has migrated to Yale and Princeton, at least to my knowledge.

619
01:24:54.120 --> 01:25:17.120
And I'm wondering, go back ahead, and we now have a documentary of the conversation between Woodrow Wilson and the Jewish leaders that the Jews all over the world would support him at home when and if he got into World War I.

620
01:25:17.120 --> 01:25:28.120
To what extent do you think Britain is the commencement of our principal wars of the last century?

621
01:25:47.120 --> 01:25:52.320
and the English-speaking World One, there's no question about it.

622
01:25:52.320 --> 01:26:02.320
But I agree, England was a decisive factor in bringing about World War One, so to speak,

623
01:26:02.320 --> 01:26:08.960
in cooperation with Russia, which had some slightly different motives just to crush the

624
01:26:08.960 --> 01:26:23.240
the Austrian Empire and gain access to the Mediterranean and so forth.

625
01:26:23.240 --> 01:26:29.920
Europe was, so to speak, the dominating world region and it was in Europe.

626
01:26:29.920 --> 01:26:38.860
It was a question, would Europe be dominated by Germany or would Europe be dominated by

627
01:26:38.860 --> 01:26:45.140
by extension, so to speak, the rest of the world be dominated by Britain.

628
01:26:45.140 --> 01:26:55.620
And Germany had been united relatively late in the 1870s and had made great economic progress

629
01:26:55.620 --> 01:27:08.780
because for quite some time they pursued quite consistent liberal free market policies.

630
01:27:08.780 --> 01:27:19.580
And this progress that Germany made increased the worries of the Brits day by day, so to

631
01:27:19.580 --> 01:27:27.100
speak, that they should not wait for too long because the strengths of Germany might become

632
01:27:27.100 --> 01:27:35.420
such that they might become the dominant country in Europe and not Great Britain.

633
01:27:35.420 --> 01:27:37.420
When was this development?

634
01:27:37.420 --> 01:27:39.420
Jill?

635
01:27:39.420 --> 01:27:43.420
I just want to add in relation to Yale,

636
01:27:43.420 --> 01:27:47.420
some of these things,

637
01:27:47.420 --> 01:27:51.420
there were a number of works by Winks and Epstein

638
01:27:51.420 --> 01:27:55.420
that show in massive detail

639
01:27:55.420 --> 01:27:59.420
that the predecessor to the CIA, the OSS,

640
01:27:59.420 --> 01:28:03.420
was basically an extension initially of the Yale English Department.

641
01:28:03.420 --> 01:28:31.420
And of course we know where our recent presidents came from, right? Our Bushmen and then our Clinton men, they went to Yale, and before they went,

642
01:28:31.420 --> 01:28:48.420
Clinton went to Georgetown. One of his teachers was Mr. Quigley. And Mr. Quigley, of course, advocated this type of British dominance openly.

643
01:28:48.420 --> 01:29:09.420
and many of his admirers somehow were a little bit shocked or miffed about the fact that he declared this so openly, this intention of Anglo-Saxon world domination,

644
01:29:09.420 --> 01:29:16.420
because their policy had been, this whole thing has to be hushed up a little bit

645
01:29:16.420 --> 01:29:21.420
and we should not speak openly about that, that is our goal

646
01:29:21.420 --> 01:29:26.420
but Quigley thought that it should be admitted, what's wrong with it

647
01:29:26.420 --> 01:29:41.420
And I think Clinton has repeatedly declared that Quigley was one of his admired, especially admired teachers.

648
01:29:41.420 --> 01:29:52.420
And of course he went then to Yale Law School and Bush is supposed to also have been at Yale at some time.

649
01:29:52.420 --> 01:30:17.420
Well, in that sense, Russian momentarily, or the digression, and we're going back to where Rhodes was talking. The dichotomy between English and Germany, Russian momentarily intruded, upset the timetable.

650
01:30:22.420 --> 01:30:26.420
over for the time being, I think.

651
01:30:26.420 --> 01:30:29.940
The Germans are such a depressed country,

652
01:30:29.940 --> 01:30:36.900
they will never rise to any great things again.

653
01:30:36.900 --> 01:30:41.220
They hate themselves to such an extent

654
01:30:41.220 --> 01:30:44.020
that it is difficult to imagine that they will ever

655
01:30:44.020 --> 01:30:50.780
become a country that might represent

656
01:30:50.780 --> 01:31:02.780
Well, Russia, that may be true as we come back to where we were before Russia got into the picture.

657
01:31:02.780 --> 01:31:10.780
Russia came in and changed the picture momentarily and now has left the pictures in one sense.

658
01:31:10.780 --> 01:31:14.780
And we're back to where they were talking about English and German.

659
01:31:14.780 --> 01:31:34.780
The unification, the economic development, was that because of or in spite of the unification of Germany, the economic development in Germany in that period of time?

660
01:31:34.780 --> 01:31:41.780
You had made a statement earlier that the unification of Germany came back in the 1870s

661
01:31:41.780 --> 01:31:44.780
and that a good bit of economic development had taken place

662
01:31:44.780 --> 01:31:54.780
and that they were growing and that England or Britain considered this sort of a threat to the dominance in Europe.

663
01:31:54.780 --> 01:32:00.780
And my question goes back to the development, economic growth in Germany.

664
01:32:00.780 --> 01:32:08.100
No, I don't think that was a result of the German unification.

665
01:32:08.100 --> 01:32:15.460
I think, as a matter of fact, that good arguments can be made that economic prosperity might

666
01:32:15.460 --> 01:32:22.420
have developed even more so if there would have been no German unification.

667
01:32:22.420 --> 01:32:33.260
Because there existed a free trade zone in Germany before, no, what did take place and

668
01:32:33.260 --> 01:32:43.100
what nerfed the British was, of course, the fact that while Germany before consisted whatever

669
01:32:43.100 --> 01:32:53.420
of 5039 Independent Territories, which of course would not pose any type of threat.

670
01:32:53.420 --> 01:33:02.220
All of a sudden it had, through war effort, I mean Bismarck united Germany by war.

671
01:33:02.220 --> 01:33:10.300
All of a sudden it had become a mighty power and Bismarck had, at least for a while, continued

672
01:33:10.300 --> 01:33:20.540
in relatively free market policies and at the same time of course because of the unification

673
01:33:20.540 --> 01:33:31.700
also had engaged in armaments programs as the Germans considered themselves to be left

674
01:33:31.700 --> 01:33:39.340
out somehow of world history having no colonies, no nothing and the Brits have colonies all

675
01:33:39.340 --> 01:33:46.340
all over the place, so they wanted to play a role in this too, and especially the build-up

676
01:33:46.340 --> 01:33:55.940
of the German Navy was of concern to the Brits, even though the German Navy was no match whatsoever

677
01:33:55.940 --> 01:34:00.220
for the British Navy at the time of the outbreak of the war.

678
01:34:00.220 --> 01:34:13.220
I guess it would be interesting if Germany had not unified and continued to be a tremendous economic power, would the British have considered them a threat?

679
01:34:30.220 --> 01:34:59.220
Germany was, until the 1920s or so, considered to be the most advanced country in terms of universities, scholarships, science and so forth was largely due to the fact that Germany had not been a united country.

680
01:34:59.220 --> 01:35:06.440
Theory, that you had various small princelings all competing against each other trying to

681
01:35:06.440 --> 01:35:15.240
have the best university, made Germany in contrast for instance to a country like France

682
01:35:15.240 --> 01:35:24.940
which had been highly centralized, far superior as far as scientific and scholarly achievements

683
01:35:24.940 --> 01:35:49.940
In France it was just Paris, that was it. In Germany you had 30, 40 quite excellent universities and people from all over the world came to Germany and even after the German unification, this of course remained for a while still effective.

684
01:35:49.940 --> 01:36:04.940
Even though immediately centralization processes took place there too, now the University of Berlin became more famous than all others because more resources were poured into that place.

685
01:36:04.940 --> 01:36:33.940
But still, that did not eliminate places like Heidelberg and Braunschweig and Tübing and Munich and all these other places that also had universities who remained quite substantial intellectual forces, even through the 1920s until then, with the rise of Hitler.

686
01:36:33.940 --> 01:36:45.620
Hitler came to a halt and many people left Germany in a way that the United States became

687
01:36:45.620 --> 01:36:56.180
then after World War II the dominant center of scholarship and learning is explainable

688
01:36:56.180 --> 01:37:06.500
by the inherited, so to speak, the German talents.

689
01:37:06.500 --> 01:37:14.180
But again, Germany could have played a very important role in a different way, not as

690
01:37:14.180 --> 01:37:26.100
a military power, but as some place with unique cultural achievements, I think.

691
01:37:26.100 --> 01:37:32.860
The longer we allow the federal government, state government, local government to diminish

692
01:37:32.860 --> 01:37:42.460
our resources and to tighten their clamp on all of our lives, they are making sensible

693
01:37:42.460 --> 01:37:49.900
people more heightened, more incensed at what is happening.

694
01:37:49.900 --> 01:37:59.420
And I would propose the possibility that enough incense people will have educated themselves

695
01:37:59.420 --> 01:38:04.620
to the point that in some small communities and probably statistically I think it would

696
01:38:04.620 --> 01:38:12.660
happen simultaneously in several small communities to say enough is enough and who knows the

697
01:38:12.660 --> 01:38:14.420
pattern it will take.

698
01:38:14.420 --> 01:38:42.100
You must have read the last chapter in my book.

699
01:38:42.100 --> 01:38:47.100
You must have read the last chapter in my democracy book, because that's what I pretty much say.

700
01:38:47.100 --> 01:38:49.900
Did you? I bought it, but it's in the car.

701
01:38:49.900 --> 01:38:52.900
Oh, you see?

702
01:38:52.900 --> 01:38:54.900
Okay, thank you.