Mises, The Last Night of Liberalism by Jörg Guido-Hörsmann
narrated by Paul Strickreda
copyright 2007 by the Ludwig von Mises Institute
this audio book was produced by the Ludwig von Mises Institute
to discover more about the Mises Institute and Austrian economics
visit Mises.org
Preface
In the summer of 1940, with Hitler's troops moving through France to encircle Switzerland, Ludwig von Mises sat beside his wife Margit on a bus filled with Jews fleeing Europe.
To avoid capture, the bus driver took back roads through the French countryside, stopping to ask locals if the Germans had been spotted ahead, reversing and finding alternative routes if they had been.
Mises was two months shy of his 59th birthday. He was on the invaders list of wanted men.
Two years earlier they had ransacked his Vienna apartment, confiscating his records and freezing
his assets. Mises then hoped to be safe in Geneva. Now nowhere in Europe seemed safe.
Not only was he a prominent intellectual of Jewish descent, he was widely known to be
be an arch-enemy of National Socialism and of every other form of Socialism. Some called
him the Last Knight of Liberalism. He had personally steered Austria away from Bolshevism,
saved his country from the level of hyperinflation that destroyed interwar Germany and convinced
a generation of young socialist intellectuals to embrace the market. Now he was a political
The couple arrived in the United States with barely any money and no prospect for income.
Mises's former students and disciples had found prestigious positions in British and
American universities, often with his help, but Mises himself was considered an anachronism.
In an age of growing government and central planning, he was a defender of private property
and an opponent of all government intervention in the economy. Perhaps worst of all, he
was a proponent of verbal logic and realism in the beginning heyday of positivism and
mathematical modelling. No university would have him.
Margit began to train as a secretary. Over the next decade they would slowly rebuild
and Mises would find new allies. He would also publish his most important book, Human
and Action, it would earn him a following whose admiration and devotion were beyond anything
he had known in Europe. When he died in October of 1973, he had only a small circle of admirers
and disciples, but this group became the nucleus of a movement that has grown exponentially.
Today his writings inspire economists and libertarians throughout the world, and are
is avidly read by an increasing number of students in all the social sciences. There
is an entire school of Mesian economists flourishing most notably in the United States, but also
in Spain, France, the Czech Republic, Argentina, Romania and Italy. This movement is testimony
to the lasting power and impact of his ideas.
The purpose of the present book is to tell the story of how these ideas emerged in their
It is the story of an amazing economist, of his life and deeds. It is the story of his
personal impact on the Austrian School and the libertarian movement. It is, above all,
the story of a man who transformed himself in an uncompromising pursuit of the truth,
of a man who adopted his ideas step by step, often against his initial inclinations. Once
As a student of the historical method in the social sciences, he would become the dean
of the opposition Austrian school and humanistic social theory. He went from left-leaning young
idealist in Vienna to grand old man of the American right.
Dismissive of the metalists early in his career, he became an unwavering spokesman for a 100%
gold standard. His example inspired students and followers, many of whom would take his
The portrait of Ludwig von Mises offered here is primarily concerned with his intellectual
development in the context of his time. Not much is known about the emotional layer of
his personality. Early on he conceived of himself as a public persona, Professor Mises.
He took great care to destroy any evidence, from receipts to love letters, anything that
could have been useful to potential opponents. We can report on some of the more intimate
episodes of his life only because of the private records stolen from his Vienna apartment by
Hitler's agents in March of 1938. These documents eventually fell into the hands
of the Red Army, were rediscovered in a secret Moscow archive in 1991 and have been for us
a precious source of information. The present book is squarely based on Mises's personal
Documents in the Moscow Archive and in the Archive at Grove City College. I have also
used relevant documents available from the Vienna Chamber of Commerce, the Akademisches
Gymnasium in Vienna, the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, the Hoover
Institution at Stanford University, as well as the materials that Mrs. Bettina Bean-Greeves
has inherited from the Mises estate. It goes without saying that I have studied Mises's
and his writings in great detail, as well as those of the most significant other economists of his time. Furthermore, I have tried to familiarise myself with the historical context of his work. Although remaining an amateur on these general questions, all this material is brought together here for the first time. I hope it will be a useful starting point for future research on Mises. This brings me to a final remark on the scope and purpose of this book. Though I never met Mises in person,
I have been a student and admirer of his works for many years. The following pages are last
but not least a token of my gratitude toward this great thinker. In my economic research,
I have tried to go on where he had left off, though not necessarily in the direction he
seemed to be taking. This raised a few basic questions for my work on this biography.
Should I talk about the research that Mises has inspired in our day? Should I discuss
Thus the sometimes different interpretations of Mises that are now current. It might have
enhanced the present work and been more interesting to the present-day experts in the field to
have included critical annotations on the literature, and there are many, but I decided
to refrain from this. It would have drawn me away from speaking about Mises himself
and into speaking about the literature on Mises.
To keep a book that is already rather voluminous focused on its main subject, it was necessary
to minimise the discussion of the secondary literature, including not only my own works,
but also the works of eminent Mises scholars such as Murray Rothbard, Richard Ebeling,
Israel Kirzner, Joseph Salerno, Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Bettina Bean-Greeves, Julian del Gaudio,
Eamonn Butler, Patrick Gunning, Geoffrey Herbiner, Percy Greaves, Hans Sennholz, Ralph Reiko,
James Rolfe Edwards, Lawrence Moss, Gary North, Karsten Paas and David Gordon. This
is an inconvenience, but an acceptable one in the age of the internet.
The main point of a Mises biography in our present day, when so little is known about
about the man and biographical researchers still in its infancy, is to come to grips
with a figure who, without any significant institutional backing, by the sheer power
of his ideas, inspires, more than thirty years after his death, a growing international intellectual
movement. What are these ideas that have such magnetic power? Who was this man? What were
were his aims, his struggles, his triumphs, his defeats. How did his ideas originate in
the context of his time and against the odds he faced? These, I think, are the main questions
at the present stage. Those who love ideas, especially those who believe that ideas shape
our world, may find the following pages worthwhile reading. If it does no more than raise further
Jürg Guido Haussmann, Angers, France, May 2007