WEBVTT NOTE Why Nazism Was Socialism and Why Socialism is Totalitarian 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.600 Well, good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. 2 00:00:02.600 --> 00:00:07.900 My purpose today is to make just two main points. 3 00:00:07.900 --> 00:00:14.700 One, to show why Nazi Germany was a socialist state, not a capitalist one. 4 00:00:14.700 --> 00:00:20.400 And two, to show why socialism, understood as an economic system, 5 00:00:20.400 --> 00:00:24.100 based on government ownership of the means of production, 6 00:00:24.100 --> 00:00:29.800 positively requires a totalitarian dictatorship. 7 00:00:29.800 --> 00:00:38.800 The identification of Nazi Germany as a socialist state was one of the many great contributions of Ludwig von Mises. 8 00:00:38.800 --> 00:00:51.800 When one remembers, as other speakers have pointed out, that the word Nazi was an abbreviation for their National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, 9 00:00:51.800 --> 00:00:56.800 in English translation the National Socialist German Workers' Party, 10 00:00:56.800 --> 00:01:10.800 Mises' identification might not appear all that noteworthy, for what should one expect the economic system of a country ruled by a party with socialist in its name to be but socialism? 11 00:01:10.800 --> 00:01:19.800 Nevertheless, apart from Mises and his readers, practically no one thinks of Nazi Germany as a socialist state. 12 00:01:19.800 --> 00:01:29.800 It is far more common to believe that it represented a form of capitalism, which is what the communists and all of the Marxists have claimed. 13 00:01:29.800 --> 00:01:39.800 The basis of the claim that Nazi Germany was capitalist was the fact that most industries in Nazi Germany appeared to be left in private hands. 14 00:01:39.800 --> 00:01:58.800 As you've heard from other speakers, what Mises identified was that private ownership of the means of production existed in name only under the Nazis and that the actual substance of ownership of the means of production resided in the German government. 15 00:01:58.800 --> 00:02:08.800 For it was the German government and not the nominal private owners that exercised all of the substantive powers of ownership. 16 00:02:08.800 --> 00:02:15.280 It, not the nominal private owners, decided what was to be produced, in what quantity, 17 00:02:15.280 --> 00:02:20.640 by what methods, and to whom it was to be distributed, as well as what prices would 18 00:02:20.640 --> 00:02:26.800 be charged and what wages would be paid, and what dividends or other income the nominal 19 00:02:26.800 --> 00:02:30.080 private owners would be permitted to receive. 20 00:02:30.080 --> 00:02:35.520 The position of the alleged private owners, Mises showed, was reduced essentially to that 21 00:02:35.520 --> 00:02:42.480 of Government Pensioners. De facto, government ownership of the means of production, as Mises 22 00:02:42.480 --> 00:02:49.480 termed it, was logically implied by such fundamental collectivist principles embraced by the Nazis 23 00:02:49.900 --> 00:02:55.840 as that the common good comes before the private good and the individual exists as a means 24 00:02:55.840 --> 00:03:00.980 to the ends of the state. If the individual is a means to the ends of the state, so too 25 00:03:00.980 --> 00:03:06.980 Who, of course, is his property. Just as he is owned by the state, his property is also owned by the state. 26 00:03:07.980 --> 00:03:16.980 But what specifically established de facto socialism in Nazi Germany was the introduction of price and wage controls in 1936. 27 00:03:17.980 --> 00:03:26.980 These were imposed in response to the inflation of the money supply carried out by the regime from the time of its coming to power in early 1933. 28 00:03:26.980 --> 00:03:34.180 The Nazi regime inflated the money supply as the means of financing the vast increase 29 00:03:34.180 --> 00:03:40.860 in government spending required by its programs of public works, subsidies and rearmament. 30 00:03:40.860 --> 00:03:45.900 The price and wage controls were imposed in response to the rise in prices that began 31 00:03:45.900 --> 00:03:49.300 to result from the inflation. 32 00:03:49.300 --> 00:03:55.860 The effect of the combination of inflation and price and wage controls is shortages. 33 00:03:55.860 --> 00:04:01.840 That is a situation in which the quantities of goods people attempt to buy exceed the 34 00:04:01.840 --> 00:04:05.540 quantities available for sale. 35 00:04:05.540 --> 00:04:09.660 Shortages in turn result in economic chaos. 36 00:04:09.660 --> 00:04:15.180 It is not only that consumers who show up in stores early in the day are in a position 37 00:04:15.180 --> 00:04:20.940 to buy up all the stocks of goods and leave customers who arrive later with nothing, a 38 00:04:20.940 --> 00:04:24.940 a situation to which governments typically respond by imposing rationing. 39 00:04:24.940 --> 00:04:29.940 Shortages result in chaos throughout the economic system. 40 00:04:29.940 --> 00:04:35.940 They introduce randomness in the distribution of supplies between geographical areas, 41 00:04:35.940 --> 00:04:40.940 in the allocation of a factor of production among its different products, 42 00:04:40.940 --> 00:04:45.940 in the allocation of labor and capital among the different branches of the economic system. 43 00:04:45.940 --> 00:05:05.940 In the face of the combination of price controls and shortages, the effect of a decrease in the supply of an item is not, as it would be in a free market, to raise its price and increase its profitability, thereby operating to stop the decrease in supply or reverse it if it has gone too far. 44 00:05:05.940 --> 00:05:10.940 Price control prohibits the rise in price and thus the increase in profitability. 45 00:05:10.940 --> 00:05:19.940 At the same time, the shortages caused by price controls prevent increases in supply from reducing price and profitability. 46 00:05:19.940 --> 00:05:27.940 When there is a shortage, the effect of an increase in supply is merely a reduction in the severity of the shortage. 47 00:05:27.940 --> 00:05:37.940 Only when the shortage is totally eliminated does an increase in supply necessitate a decrease in price and bring about a decrease in profitability. 48 00:05:37.940 --> 00:05:48.940 As a result, the combination of price controls and shortages makes possible random movements of supply without any effect on price and profitability. 49 00:05:48.940 --> 00:05:56.940 In this situation, the production of the most trivial and unimportant goods, even pet rocks, to take the most bizarre example, 50 00:05:56.940 --> 00:06:02.940 can be expanded at the expense of the production of the most urgently needed and important goods, 51 00:06:02.940 --> 00:06:08.420 and goods, such as life-saving medicines, with no effect on the price and profitability 52 00:06:08.420 --> 00:06:14.540 of either good. Price controls would prevent the production of the medicines from becoming 53 00:06:14.540 --> 00:06:20.060 more profitable as their supply decreased, while a shortage, even of pet rocks, prevented 54 00:06:20.060 --> 00:06:26.140 their production from becoming less profitable as their supply increased. As Mises showed 55 00:06:26.140 --> 00:06:31.220 to cope with such unintended effects of its price controls, the government must either 56 00:06:31.220 --> 00:06:37.260 either abolish the price controls or add further measures, namely precisely the control over 57 00:06:37.260 --> 00:06:42.280 what is produced in what quantity by what methods and to whom it is distributed, which 58 00:06:42.280 --> 00:06:44.680 I referred to earlier. 59 00:06:44.680 --> 00:06:50.960 The combination of price controls with this further set of controls constitutes the de-facto 60 00:06:50.960 --> 00:06:57.000 socialization of the economic system, for it means that the government then exercises 61 00:06:57.000 --> 00:07:00.920 all of the substantive powers of ownership. 62 00:07:00.920 --> 00:07:07.120 This was the socialism instituted by the Nazis, and Mises calls it socialism on the German 63 00:07:07.120 --> 00:07:14.160 or Nazi pattern, in contrast to the more obvious socialism of the Soviets, which he calls socialism 64 00:07:14.160 --> 00:07:17.520 on the Russian or Bolshevik pattern. 65 00:07:17.520 --> 00:07:22.480 Of course, socialism does not end the chaos caused by the destruction of the price system, 66 00:07:22.480 --> 00:07:28.720 it perpetuates it, and if it is introduced without the prior existence of price controls, 67 00:07:28.720 --> 00:07:35.440 This effect is to inaugurate that very chaos. This is because socialism is not actually 68 00:07:35.440 --> 00:07:42.440 a positive economic system. It is merely the negation of capitalism and its price system. 69 00:07:43.280 --> 00:07:49.680 As such, the essential nature of socialism is one and the same as the economic chaos 70 00:07:49.680 --> 00:07:54.920 resulting from the destruction of the price system by price and wage controls. 71 00:07:54.920 --> 00:08:13.920 Parenthetically, I want to note that Bolshevik-style socialism's imposition of a system of production quotas with incentives everywhere to exceed the quotas is a sure formula for universal shortages, just as exists under all-round price and wage controls. 72 00:08:13.920 --> 00:08:19.920 At most, socialism merely changes the direction of the chaos. 73 00:08:19.920 --> 00:08:26.920 The government's control over production may make possible a greater production of some goods of special importance to itself, 74 00:08:26.920 --> 00:08:32.920 but it does so only at the expense of wreaking havoc throughout the rest of the economic system. 75 00:08:32.920 --> 00:08:38.920 This is because the government has no way of knowing the effects on the rest of the economic system 76 00:08:38.920 --> 00:08:43.920 of its securing the production of the goods to which it attaches special importance. 77 00:08:45.920 --> 00:08:49.920 The requirements of enforcing a system of price and wage controls 78 00:08:49.920 --> 00:08:53.920 shed major light on the totalitarian nature of socialism. 79 00:08:54.920 --> 00:08:58.920 Most obviously, of course, on that of the German or Nazi variant of socialism, 80 00:08:58.920 --> 00:09:02.920 but also on that of Soviet-style socialism as well. 81 00:09:03.920 --> 00:09:07.920 We can start with the fact that the financial self-interest of sellers 82 00:09:07.920 --> 00:09:14.920 The answer is, a combination of severe penalties, combined with a great likelihood of a rise in the price of goods, is to evade the price controls and raise their prices. 83 00:09:14.920 --> 00:09:23.920 Buyers, otherwise unable to obtain goods, are willing, indeed eager, to pay these higher prices as the means of securing the goods they want. 84 00:09:23.920 --> 00:09:30.920 In these circumstances, what is to stop prices from rising and a massive black market from developing? 85 00:09:30.920 --> 00:09:40.920 The answer is a combination of severe penalties combined with a great likelihood of being caught and actually suffering those penalties. 86 00:09:40.920 --> 00:09:48.920 Mere fines are not likely to provide much of a deterrent. They will be regarded simply as an additional business expense. 87 00:09:48.920 --> 00:09:57.920 If the government is serious about its price controls, it is necessary for it to impose penalties comparable to those for a major felony. 88 00:09:57.920 --> 00:10:03.600 But the mere existence of such penalties is not enough. The government has to make it 89 00:10:03.600 --> 00:10:09.880 actually dangerous to conduct black market transactions. It has to make people fear that 90 00:10:09.880 --> 00:10:15.200 in conducting such a transaction, they might somehow be discovered by the police and actually 91 00:10:15.200 --> 00:10:21.400 end up in jail. In order to create such fear, the government must develop an army of spies 92 00:10:21.400 --> 00:10:27.400 and secret informers. For example, the government must make a storekeeper and his customer fearful 93 00:10:27.400 --> 00:10:33.400 that if they engage in a black market transaction, some other customer in the store will report them. 94 00:10:33.400 --> 00:10:39.400 Because of the privacy and secrecy in which many black market transactions can be conducted, 95 00:10:39.400 --> 00:10:44.400 the government must also make anyone contemplating a black market transaction 96 00:10:44.400 --> 00:10:49.400 fearful that the other party might turn out to be a police agent trying to entrap him. 97 00:10:49.400 --> 00:10:56.400 The government must make people fearful even of their longtime associates, even of their friends and relatives, 98 00:10:56.400 --> 00:10:59.920 Just even they turn out to be informers. 99 00:10:59.920 --> 00:11:04.760 And finally, in order to obtain convictions, the government must place the decision about 100 00:11:04.760 --> 00:11:10.160 innocence or guilt in the case of black market transactions in the hands of an administrative 101 00:11:10.160 --> 00:11:14.040 tribunal or its police agents on the spot. 102 00:11:14.040 --> 00:11:19.840 It cannot rely on jury trials because it is unlikely that many juries can be found willing 103 00:11:19.840 --> 00:11:24.720 to bring in guilty verdicts in cases in which a man might have to go to jail for several 104 00:11:24.720 --> 00:11:54.720 In some, therefore, the requirements merely of enforcing price control regulations is the adoption of essential features of a totalitarian state, namely, the establishment of the category of economic crimes in which the peaceful pursuit of material self-interest is treated as a criminal offense, and the establishment of a totalitarian police force in which the peaceful pursuit of material self-interest is treated as a criminal offense 105 00:11:54.720 --> 00:12:01.640 These apparatus replete with spies and informers and the power of arbitrary arrest and imprisonment. 106 00:12:01.640 --> 00:12:06.920 Clearly the enforcement of price controls requires a government similar to that of Hitler's 107 00:12:06.920 --> 00:12:12.840 Germany or Stalin's Russia, in which practically anyone might turn out to be a police spy and 108 00:12:12.840 --> 00:12:18.480 in which a secret police exists and has the power to arrest and imprison people. 109 00:12:18.480 --> 00:12:23.600 If the government is unwilling to go to such lengths, then to that extent its price controls 110 00:12:23.600 --> 00:12:29.600 Price Controls prove unenforceable and simply break down. The black market then assumes major proportions. 111 00:12:29.600 --> 00:12:36.600 Incidentally, none of this is to suggest that price controls were the cause of the reign of terror 112 00:12:36.600 --> 00:12:42.600 into the Nazis. The Nazis began their reign of terror well before the enactment of price controls. 113 00:12:42.600 --> 00:12:48.600 As a result, they enacted price controls in an environment ready-made for their enforcement. 114 00:12:48.600 --> 00:13:09.600 Black market activity entails the commission of further crimes. Under de facto socialism, the production and sale of goods in the black market entails the defiance of the government's regulations concerning production and distribution, as well as defiance of its price controls. 115 00:13:09.600 --> 00:13:19.600 For example, the goods themselves that are sold in the black market are intended by the government to be distributed in accordance with its plan and not in the black market. 116 00:13:19.600 --> 00:13:30.600 The factors of production used to produce those goods are likewise intended by the government to be used in accordance with its plan and not for the purpose of supplying the black market. 117 00:13:30.600 --> 00:13:49.600 Under a system of de jure socialism, such as existed in Soviet Russia, in which the legal code of the country openly and explicitly makes the government the owner of the means of production, all black market activity necessarily entails the misappropriation or theft of state property. 118 00:13:49.600 --> 00:14:01.600 For example, the factory workers or managers in Soviet Russia who turned out products that they sold in the black market were considered as stealing the raw materials supplied by the state. 119 00:14:01.600 --> 00:14:10.600 Furthermore, in any type of socialist state, and that's your communist, the government's economic plan is part of the supreme law of the land. 120 00:14:10.600 --> 00:14:16.600 We all have a good idea of how chaotic the so-called planning process of socialism is. 121 00:14:16.600 --> 00:14:31.600 Its further disruption by workers and managers siphoning off materials and supplies to produce for the black market is something which a socialist state is logically entitled to regard as an act of sabotage of its national economic plan. 122 00:14:31.600 --> 00:14:44.600 And sabotage is how the legal code of a socialist state does regard it. Consistent with this fact, black market activity in a socialist country often carries the death penalty. 123 00:14:44.600 --> 00:14:59.600 Now, I think that a fundamental fact that explains the all-round reign of terror found under socialism is the incredible dilemma in which a socialist state places itself in relation to the masses of its citizens. 124 00:14:59.600 --> 00:15:10.600 On the one hand, it assumes full responsibility for the individual's economic well-being. Russian or Bolshevik-style socialism openly avows this responsibility. 125 00:15:10.600 --> 00:15:13.600 This is the main source of its popular appeal. 126 00:15:13.600 --> 00:15:21.600 On the other hand, in all of the ways one can imagine, a socialist state makes an unbelievable botch of the job. 127 00:15:21.600 --> 00:15:26.600 It makes the individual's life a nightmare. 128 00:15:26.600 --> 00:15:33.600 Every day of his life, the citizen of a socialist state must spend time in endless waiting lines. 129 00:15:33.600 --> 00:15:40.600 For him, the problems Americans experienced in the gasoline shortages of the 1970s are normal. 130 00:15:40.600 --> 00:15:47.600 Only he does not experience them in relation to gasoline, for he does not own a car and has no hope of ever owning one, 131 00:15:47.600 --> 00:15:52.600 but in relation to simple items of clothing, to vegetables, even to bread. 132 00:15:52.600 --> 00:15:59.600 Even worse, he is frequently forced to work at a job that is not of his choice and which he therefore must certainly hate. 133 00:15:59.600 --> 00:16:08.600 For under shortages, the government comes to decide the allocation of labor just as it does the allocation of the material factors of production. 134 00:16:08.600 --> 00:16:14.600 And he lives in a condition of unbelievable overcrowding with hardly ever a chance for privacy. 135 00:16:14.600 --> 00:16:21.600 In the face of housing shortages, borders are assigned to homes, families are compelled to share apartments, 136 00:16:21.600 --> 00:16:31.600 and a system of internal passports and visas is adopted to limit the severity of housing shortages in the more desirable areas of the country. 137 00:16:31.600 --> 00:16:38.600 To put it mildly, a person forced to live in such conditions must cede with resentment and hostility. 138 00:16:38.600 --> 00:16:49.600 Now, against whom would it be more logical for the citizens of a socialist state to direct their resentment and hostility than against that very socialist state itself? 139 00:16:49.600 --> 00:17:04.600 The same socialist state which has proclaimed its responsibility for their life has promised them a life of bliss and which in fact is responsible for giving them a life of hell. 140 00:17:04.600 --> 00:17:18.600 Indeed, the leaders of a socialist state live in a further dilemma in that they daily encourage people to believe that socialism is a perfect system whose bad results can only be the work of evil men. 141 00:17:18.600 --> 00:17:30.600 If that were true, who in reason could those evil men be but the rulers themselves, who have not only made life a hell, but have perverted an allegedly perfect system to do it? 142 00:17:30.600 --> 00:17:35.600 It follows that the rulers of a socialist state must live in terror of the people. 143 00:17:35.600 --> 00:17:45.600 By the logic of their actions and their teachings, the boiling, seething resentment of the people should well up and swallow them in an orgy of bloody vengeance. 144 00:17:45.600 --> 00:17:54.600 The rulers sense this even if they do not admit it openly, and thus their major concern is always to keep the lid on the citizenry. 145 00:17:54.600 --> 00:18:03.600 Consequently, it is true but very inadequate merely to say such things as that socialism lacks freedom of the press and freedom of speech. 146 00:18:03.600 --> 00:18:09.600 Of course it lacks these freedoms. If the government owns all the newspapers and publishing houses, 147 00:18:09.600 --> 00:18:18.600 If it decides for what purposes newsprint and paper are to be made available, then obviously nothing can be printed which the government does not want printed. 148 00:18:18.600 --> 00:18:25.600 If it owns all the meeting halls, no public speech or lecture can be delivered, which the government does not want delivered. 149 00:18:25.600 --> 00:18:30.600 But socialism goes far beyond the mere lack of freedom of press and speech. 150 00:18:30.600 --> 00:18:33.600 The socialist government totally annihilates these freedoms. 151 00:18:33.600 --> 00:18:39.520 programs. It turns the press and every public forum into a vehicle of hysterical propaganda 152 00:18:39.520 --> 00:18:46.100 in its own behalf, and it engages in a relentless persecution of everyone who dares to deviate 153 00:18:46.100 --> 00:18:52.420 by so much as an inch from its official party line. The reason for these facts is the socialist 154 00:18:52.420 --> 00:18:57.260 rulers' terror of the people. To protect themselves, they must order the propaganda 155 00:18:57.260 --> 00:19:02.740 ministry and the secret police to work round the clock. The one to constantly divert the 156 00:19:02.740 --> 00:19:32.740 The People's Attention from the Responsibility of Socialism and the Rulers of Socialism for the People's Misery The Other to spirit away and silence anyone who might even remotely suggest the responsibility of socialism or its rulers to spirit away anyone who begins to show signs of thinking for himself it is because of the rulers terror and their desperate need to find scapegoats for the failure of socialism that the press of a socialist country is always full of stories about foreign 157 00:19:32.740 --> 00:19:38.740 and Plots and Sabotage and about corruption and mismanagement on the part of subordinate officials 158 00:19:38.740 --> 00:19:50.740 and why periodically it is necessary to unmask large-scale domestic plots and to sacrifice major officials and entire factions in giant purges. 159 00:19:50.740 --> 00:19:57.740 It is because of their terror and their desperate need to crush every breath, even a potential opposition, 160 00:19:57.740 --> 00:20:05.740 That the rulers of socialism do not dare to allow even purely cultural activities that are not under the control of the state. 161 00:20:05.740 --> 00:20:15.740 For if people so much as assemble for an art show or poetry reading that is not controlled by the state, the rulers must fear the dissemination of dangerous ideas. 162 00:20:15.740 --> 00:20:26.740 Any unauthorized ideas are dangerous ideas because they can lead people to begin thinking for themselves and thus to begin thinking about the nature of socialism and its rulers. 163 00:20:26.740 --> 00:20:43.740 The rulers must fear the spontaneous assembly of a handful of people in a room and use the secret police and its apparatus of spies, informers and terror to stop such meetings or to make sure that their content is entirely innocuous from the point of view of the state. 164 00:20:43.740 --> 00:20:54.740 Socialism cannot be ruled for very long except by terror. As soon as the terror is relaxed, resentment and hostility logically begin to well up against the rulers. 165 00:20:54.740 --> 00:21:17.740 The stage is thus set for a revolution or civil war. In fact, in the absence of terror, or more correctly, a sufficient degree of terror, socialism would be characterized by an endless series of revolutions and civil wars, as each new group of rulers proved as incapable of making socialism function successfully as its predecessors before it. 166 00:21:17.740 --> 00:21:31.740 The inescapable inference to be drawn is that the terror actually experienced in the socialist countries was not simply the work of evil men, such as Stalin, but springs from the nature of the socialist system. 167 00:21:31.740 --> 00:21:44.740 Stalin could come to the fore because his unusual willingness and cunning in the use of terror were the specific characteristics most required by a ruler of socialism in order to remain in power. 168 00:21:44.740 --> 00:21:53.420 He rose to the top by a process of socialist natural selection, the selection of the worst. 169 00:21:53.420 --> 00:22:00.260 I need to anticipate a possible misunderstanding concerning my thesis that socialism is totalitarian 170 00:22:00.260 --> 00:22:02.420 by its very nature. 171 00:22:02.420 --> 00:22:07.940 This concerns the alleged socialist countries run by social democrats such as Sweden and 172 00:22:07.940 --> 00:22:15.100 and the other Scandinavian countries, which are clearly not totalitarian dictatorships. 173 00:22:15.100 --> 00:22:22.020 In such cases, it is necessary to realize that along with these countries not being totalitarian, 174 00:22:22.020 --> 00:22:24.700 they are also not socialist. 175 00:22:24.700 --> 00:22:30.520 Their governing parties may espouse socialism as their philosophy and their ultimate goal, 176 00:22:30.520 --> 00:22:35.940 but socialism is not what they have implemented as their economic system. 177 00:22:35.940 --> 00:22:41.920 Their actual economic system is that of a hampered market economy, as Mises termed it. 178 00:22:41.920 --> 00:22:46.820 While more hampered than our own in important respects, their economic system is essentially 179 00:22:46.820 --> 00:22:53.400 similar to our own in that the characteristic driving force of production and economic activity 180 00:22:53.400 --> 00:22:58.440 is not government decree, but the initiative of private owners motivated by the prospect 181 00:22:58.440 --> 00:23:00.840 of private profit. 182 00:23:00.840 --> 00:23:06.240 The reason that social democrats do not establish socialism when they come to power is that 183 00:23:06.240 --> 00:23:10.380 they are unwilling to do what would be required. 184 00:23:10.380 --> 00:23:16.980 The establishment of socialism as an economic system requires a massive act of theft. 185 00:23:16.980 --> 00:23:22.340 The means of production must be seized from their owners and turned over to the state. 186 00:23:22.340 --> 00:23:26.700 Such seizure is virtually certain to provoke substantial resistance on the part of the 187 00:23:26.700 --> 00:23:33.740 of the Owners, resistance which can be overcome only by the massive use of force. 188 00:23:33.740 --> 00:23:40.860 The communists were and are willing to apply such force, as evidenced in Soviet Russia. 189 00:23:40.860 --> 00:23:47.220 Their character is that of armed robbers prepared to commit murder if that is what is necessary 190 00:23:47.220 --> 00:23:49.740 to carry out their robbery. 191 00:23:49.740 --> 00:23:55.460 The character of the social democrats, in contrast, is more like that of pickpockets, 192 00:23:55.460 --> 00:24:01.380 who may talk of pulling the big job someday, but who in fact are unwilling to do the killing 193 00:24:01.380 --> 00:24:09.380 that would be required and so give up at the slightest sign of serious resistance. 194 00:24:09.380 --> 00:24:14.380 Just think about it for a moment, if you did have the intent to go and rob someone it would 195 00:24:14.380 --> 00:24:18.380 not be enough for you to simply say, Mr. give me your wallet. 196 00:24:18.380 --> 00:24:22.020 What if he turns around and walks ready to punch you in the face? 197 00:24:22.020 --> 00:24:26.260 If you're serious about robbing someone, you better come with a gun and be prepared to 198 00:24:26.260 --> 00:24:27.260 shoot him. 199 00:24:27.260 --> 00:24:32.500 Well, the communists are willing to do that, the social democrats aren't. 200 00:24:32.500 --> 00:24:38.020 Now as for the Nazis, they generally did not have to kill in order to seize the property 201 00:24:38.020 --> 00:24:40.500 of Germans other than Jews. 202 00:24:40.500 --> 00:24:46.380 This was because, as we have seen, they established socialism by stealth through price controls, 203 00:24:46.380 --> 00:24:50.580 which served to maintain the outward guise and appearance of private ownership. 204 00:24:50.580 --> 00:24:58.580 The private owners were thus deprived of their property without knowing it and thus felt no need to defend it by force. 205 00:24:58.580 --> 00:25:05.580 Well, I think I've shown that socialism, actual socialism, is totalitarian by its very nature. 206 00:25:05.580 --> 00:25:15.580 Now, in the United States at the present time, we do not have socialism and we do not have a dictatorship, let alone a totalitarian dictatorship. 207 00:25:15.580 --> 00:25:23.180 Among the essential elements that are still lacking, this goes to why we do not yet have fascism, 208 00:25:23.180 --> 00:25:28.900 among the essential elements still lacking are a one-party rule and censorship. 209 00:25:28.900 --> 00:25:34.140 We still have freedom of speech and press and free elections, though both have been 210 00:25:34.140 --> 00:25:38.740 undermined and their continued existence certainly cannot be guaranteed. 211 00:25:38.740 --> 00:25:43.360 What we have is a hampered market economy that is growing ever more hampered by ever 212 00:25:43.360 --> 00:25:51.360 over more government intervention, and that is characterized by a growing loss of individual freedom. 213 00:25:51.360 --> 00:25:56.360 I've read this talk aloud several times, I always manage to do it within half an hour, 214 00:25:56.360 --> 00:26:02.360 and I see now I've got two minutes left and about six minutes of text. 215 00:26:02.360 --> 00:26:04.360 I don't know how that happened. 216 00:26:04.360 --> 00:26:25.360 The price I pay will have to be the delivery of the talk. 217 00:26:25.360 --> 00:26:33.360 What we have is an increasingly hampered market economy that's progressively depriving us of more and more of our freedom. 218 00:26:33.360 --> 00:26:40.360 or Freedom, the growth of the government's economic intervention is synonymous with the loss of individual freedom 219 00:26:40.360 --> 00:26:48.360 because it means increasingly initiating the use of physical force to make people do what they do not voluntarily choose to do 220 00:26:48.360 --> 00:26:52.360 or prevent them from doing what they do voluntarily choose to do. 221 00:26:52.360 --> 00:27:00.360 And since the individual is the best judge of his own interests, and at least as a rule, seeks to do what is in his interest to do 222 00:27:00.360 --> 00:27:15.360 and avoid doing what harms his interest, it follows that the greater the extent of government intervention, the greater the extent to which individuals are prevented from doing what benefits them and are instead compelled to do what causes them loss. 223 00:27:15.360 --> 00:27:28.360 Today in the United States, government spending, federal, state and local amounts to almost half of the monetary incomes of the portion of the citizenry that does not work for the government. 224 00:27:28.360 --> 00:27:44.360 If you start with the national income statistics, eliminate all of the imputations, just look at the monetary incomes and then take government spending at all levels as a percentage of that, it comes to roughly half. 225 00:27:44.360 --> 00:27:55.360 Fifteen federal cabinet departments and a much larger number of federal regulatory agencies together in most instances with counterparts at the state and local level, 226 00:27:55.360 --> 00:28:00.360 routinely intrude into virtually every area of the individual citizen's life. 227 00:28:00.360 --> 00:28:04.360 In countless ways he is taxed, compelled and prohibited. 228 00:28:04.360 --> 00:28:10.360 The effect of such massive government interference is unemployment, rising prices, falling real wages, 229 00:28:10.360 --> 00:28:15.360 a need to work longer and harder, and growing economic insecurity. 230 00:28:15.360 --> 00:28:18.360 The further effect is growing anger and resentment. 231 00:28:18.360 --> 00:28:23.360 Though the government's policy of economic intervention is their logical target, 232 00:28:23.360 --> 00:28:29.360 The anger and resentment people feel are typically directed at businessmen and the rich instead. 233 00:28:29.360 --> 00:28:36.360 This is a mistake which is fueled for the most part by an ignorant and envious intellectual establishment and media. 234 00:28:36.360 --> 00:28:41.360 And in conformity with this attitude, since the collapse of the stock market bubble, 235 00:28:41.360 --> 00:28:49.360 which was in fact created by the Federal Reserve's policy of credit expansion and then pricked by its temporary abandonment of that policy, 236 00:28:49.360 --> 00:29:03.360 Government prosecutors have adopted what appears to be a particularly vengeful policy toward executives guilty of financial dishonesty, as though their actions were responsible for the widespread losses resulting from the collapse of the bubble. 237 00:29:03.360 --> 00:29:13.360 Thus, the former head of a major telecommunications company was recently given a 25-year prison sentence. Other top executives have suffered similarly. 238 00:29:13.360 --> 00:29:25.360 Even more ominously, the government's power to obtain mere criminal indictments has become the equivalent of the power to destroy a firm, as occurred in the case of Arthur Anderson, the major accounting firm. 239 00:29:25.360 --> 00:29:37.360 The threatened use of this power was then sufficient to force major insurance brokerage firms in the United States to change their managements to the satisfaction of New York State's Attorney General. 240 00:29:37.360 --> 00:29:49.360 There is no way to describe such developments other than as conviction and punishment without trial and as extortion by the government. These are major steps along a very dangerous path. 241 00:29:49.360 --> 00:29:59.360 Fortunately, there is still sufficient freedom in the United States to undo all the damage that has been done. There is, first of all, the freedom to publicly name it and denounce it. 242 00:29:59.360 --> 00:30:08.360 More fundamentally, there is the freedom to analyze and refute the ideas that underlie the destructive policies that have been adopted or that may be adopted. 243 00:30:08.360 --> 00:30:16.360 And that is what is critical. For the fundamental factor underlying the interventionism, and of course socialism as well, 244 00:30:16.360 --> 00:30:24.360 whether Nazi or communist, is nothing but wrong ideas. Above all, wrong ideas about economics and philosophy. 245 00:30:24.360 --> 00:30:32.360 There is now an extensive and growing body of literature that presents sound ideas in these two vital fields. 246 00:30:32.360 --> 00:30:39.360 In my judgment, the two most important authors of this literature are Ludwig von Mises and Ayn Rand. 247 00:30:39.360 --> 00:30:47.360 An extensive knowledge of their writings is an indispensable prerequisite for success in the defense of individual freedom and the free market. 248 00:30:47.360 --> 00:30:54.360 This institute, the Ludwig von Mises Institute, is the world's leading center for the dissemination of Mises' ideas. 249 00:30:54.360 --> 00:31:03.360 It presents a constant flow of analyses based on his ideas, analyses that appear in its academic journals, its books and periodicals, 250 00:31:03.360 --> 00:31:07.360 and in its daily website news articles that deal with the issues of the moment. 251 00:31:07.360 --> 00:31:12.360 It educates college and university students and young instructors in his ideas 252 00:31:12.360 --> 00:31:17.360 and the related ideas of other members of the Austrian School of Economics. 253 00:31:17.360 --> 00:31:24.360 It does this through the Mises Summer University, the Austrian Scholars Conferences and a variety of seminars. 254 00:31:24.360 --> 00:31:33.360 Two very major ways of fighting for freedom are to educate oneself to the point of being able to speak and write as articulately in its defense 255 00:31:33.360 --> 00:31:37.360 as do the scholars associated with this institute. 256 00:31:37.360 --> 00:31:48.360 Or, if one does not have the time or inclination to pursue such activity, then to financially support the Institute in its vital work to whatever extent one can. 257 00:31:48.360 --> 00:32:02.360 It is possible to turn the tide. No single person can do it, but a large and growing number of intelligent people educated in the cause of economic freedom and speaking up and arguing in its defense wherever possible 258 00:32:02.360 --> 00:32:06.120 is capable of gradually forming the attitudes of the culture 259 00:32:06.120 --> 00:32:09.360 and thus of the nature of its political and economic system. 260 00:32:09.360 --> 00:32:13.800 You in this audience are already involved in this great effort 261 00:32:13.800 --> 00:32:17.200 and I hope you will continue and intensify your commitment. 262 00:32:17.200 --> 00:32:24.200 Thank you very much.