WEBVTT

NOTE Mr. Libertarian, Murray N. Rothbard

1
00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:21.920
Today, March 2nd, is Murray Rothbard's birthday. Had he lived, he'd be 84 years old today.

2
00:00:21.920 --> 00:00:27.720
And there's sadness in that, because 84 in the world of today, though still a ripe old

3
00:00:27.720 --> 00:00:35.760
Age is not really all that old. Lots of people live to be 84. Even libertarians do it. Both

4
00:00:35.760 --> 00:00:43.040
Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek live to be 92. Milton Friedman lived to be 94.

5
00:00:43.040 --> 00:00:50.920
Henry Hazlitt lived to be 98. In Radicals for Capitalism, his important 2007 book about

6
00:00:50.920 --> 00:00:56.640
the history of the modern American libertarian movement, Brian Doherty setters his story

7
00:00:56.640 --> 00:01:03.080
Around What He Describes as Five Thinkers Without Whom There Would Have Been No Uniquely

8
00:01:03.080 --> 00:01:11.000
Libertarian Ideas or Libertarian Institutions of Any Popularity or Impact in America in

9
00:01:11.000 --> 00:01:13.760
the Second Half of the Twentieth Century.

10
00:01:13.760 --> 00:01:21.880
Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich A. Hayek, Ayn Rand, Murray Rothbard and Milton Friedman.

11
00:01:21.880 --> 00:01:28.760
Four men and one woman, Doherty writes. Four Jews and one Catholic. Four economists and

12
00:01:28.760 --> 00:01:37.120
one novelist. Four minarchists and one anarchist. Two native-born Americans and three immigrants.

13
00:01:37.120 --> 00:01:43.280
Two Nobel Prize winners and three who remained not only aloof from most professional and

14
00:01:43.280 --> 00:01:51.080
intellectual accolades, but generated a heated hostility from cultural gatekeepers.

15
00:01:51.080 --> 00:01:55.900
He makes no mention of it, but there's yet another facile point of comparison he might

16
00:01:55.900 --> 00:02:01.440
have used in discussing his five major figures, their longevity.

17
00:02:01.440 --> 00:02:08.280
For of his five major figures, three, Mises, Hayek and Friedman, lived into their 90s.

18
00:02:08.280 --> 00:02:12.680
The other two, Rand and Rothbard, never made it to 80.

19
00:02:12.680 --> 00:02:15.680
Rothbard never made it to 70.

20
00:02:15.680 --> 00:02:19.520
It's almost as though radicalism makes you die young.

21
00:02:19.520 --> 00:02:25.720
Mises, Hayek and Friedman were minarchists, classical liberals to be more precise.

22
00:02:25.720 --> 00:02:30.120
Rand was a minarchist too, but of a more radical stripe.

23
00:02:30.120 --> 00:02:36.520
She required that her limited night watchman state get along without any power of taxation,

24
00:02:36.520 --> 00:02:39.320
which she rightly regarded as theft.

25
00:02:39.320 --> 00:02:45.120
And Rothbard, who lived the shortest life of them all, was, of course, an anarchist,

26
00:02:45.120 --> 00:02:54.120
The only writer among them with the courage to assert boldly that the state didn't need limiting, it needed abolishing.

27
00:02:54.120 --> 00:03:01.620
Another way of putting this would be to say that Rothbard was the only pure libertarian among Doherty's Big Five,

28
00:03:01.620 --> 00:03:06.620
not a classical liberal or even a more radical monarchist like Ayn Rand,

29
00:03:06.620 --> 00:03:13.120
but a thinker who saw the implications of the libertarian axiom, the non-aggression axiom,

30
00:03:13.120 --> 00:03:19.360
and unflinchingly accepted those implications, the only one among Doherty's big five who

31
00:03:19.360 --> 00:03:24.960
was unafraid to follow his thinking where it must inevitably lead him.

32
00:03:24.960 --> 00:03:32.440
Brian Doherty calls Rothbard the most uniquely and characteristically libertarian of libertarians,

33
00:03:32.440 --> 00:03:38.380
the one whose influence explains most about what makes the ideas, behavior and general

34
00:03:38.380 --> 00:03:57.460
It's not for nothing that during the 1970s Rothbard came to be widely known as Mr. Libertarian.

35
00:03:57.460 --> 00:04:02.040
This is not to say, however, that Rothbard received universal applause.

36
00:04:02.040 --> 00:04:03.220
He didn't.

37
00:04:03.220 --> 00:04:07.180
He had his detractors then, as he has them now.

38
00:04:07.180 --> 00:04:12.420
Take Jennifer Burns for example, the University of Virginia history professor who published

39
00:04:12.420 --> 00:04:18.780
a widely discussed book on Ayn Rand this past fall, fall 2009.

40
00:04:18.780 --> 00:04:25.380
In a presentation at the Cato Institute in Washington D.C. in October 2009, Burns said

41
00:04:25.380 --> 00:04:31.820
she considers the whole Mr. Libertarian thing applied to Rothbard a load of rubbish.

42
00:04:31.820 --> 00:04:38.180
I think in a lot of history about libertarianism, there's Rothbard, quote, Mr. Libertarian.

43
00:04:38.180 --> 00:04:42.100
I just don't see it. I went in the archives, I looked at who people were reading, who they're

44
00:04:42.100 --> 00:04:46.740
referencing, and I feel like this is a PR campaign on Rothbard's behalf to say that,

45
00:04:46.740 --> 00:04:50.500
you know, I was the one who did all this because what I thought was a lot of criticism and

46
00:04:50.500 --> 00:04:52.940
not a lot of references to him.

47
00:04:52.940 --> 00:04:58.420
Burns focused a great deal of attention during this part of her Cato Institute presentation

48
00:04:58.420 --> 00:05:05.260
on the 1969 convention in St. Louis, where the libertarian caucus within Young Americans

49
00:05:05.260 --> 00:05:11.540
for Freedom, or YAF as we all used to call it back then, split off from the rest of the

50
00:05:11.540 --> 00:05:16.900
organization, walked out of the convention and launched what we know today as the modern

51
00:05:16.900 --> 00:05:19.540
libertarian movement.

52
00:05:19.540 --> 00:05:25.100
Burns notes that two rather different writers were, in effect, competing for the allegiance

53
00:05:25.100 --> 00:05:28.300
of these libertarian former YAFers.

54
00:05:28.300 --> 00:05:34.380
The famous novelist and philosopher, Ayn Rand, and the much less well-known, even somewhat

55
00:05:34.380 --> 00:05:39.420
obscure, New York economics professor, Murray Rothbard.

56
00:05:39.420 --> 00:05:44.700
Immediately after the convention, Murray Rothbard and his new comrade, Carl Hess, attempted

57
00:05:44.700 --> 00:05:49.260
to pull the exodus of libertarians to the left, but it was Rand who emerged as the more

58
00:05:49.260 --> 00:05:54.780
decisive influence. Rothbard's call for a pan-ideological movement was soundly rejected

59
00:05:54.780 --> 00:05:57.220
by Libertarian Caucus Organizers.

60
00:05:57.220 --> 00:06:03.020
In an open letter to Rothbard, distributed in St. Louis, Don Ernsberger scoffed at Rothbard's

61
00:06:03.020 --> 00:06:08.420
quote, small group in New York and told him quote, join the left if you will Dr. Rothbard,

62
00:06:08.420 --> 00:06:12.140
but don't try to hand us that crap about the forces of freedom being there.

63
00:06:12.140 --> 00:06:15.220
Your view is pure negation.

64
00:06:15.220 --> 00:06:19.840
Rothbard and Hess pulled together a few left-right conferences in the year following St. Louis,

65
00:06:19.840 --> 00:06:23.280
but their radical libertarian alliance was short lived.

66
00:06:23.280 --> 00:06:29.920
More durable were the many neo-objectivist groups that emerged in the fall of 1969.

67
00:06:29.920 --> 00:06:34.560
Byrne's description of these events of 40 years ago is accurate.

68
00:06:34.560 --> 00:06:40.140
The late Bill Bradford, the creator, editor and publisher of Liberty Magazine, created

69
00:06:40.140 --> 00:06:45.640
much consternation a few years back when he said that Murray Rothbard was never considered

70
00:06:45.640 --> 00:06:51.980
a particularly important figure in the libertarian movement by anyone outside New York until

71
00:06:51.980 --> 00:06:54.220
until the 1970s.

72
00:06:54.220 --> 00:06:57.980
But in fact, Bradford's memory was accurate too.

73
00:06:57.980 --> 00:07:04.180
At the time Jennifer Burns is talking about, in the late 1960s, Rothbard was not that well

74
00:07:04.180 --> 00:07:08.300
known outside New York, even in the libertarian movement.

75
00:07:08.300 --> 00:07:13.940
He wasn't cited that much back then by libertarian writers and activists, unless they were New

76
00:07:13.940 --> 00:07:15.720
Yorkers.

77
00:07:15.720 --> 00:07:21.500
And he came in for more criticism than praise when he was cited, because libertarians back

78
00:07:21.500 --> 00:07:27.500
Back then were less open to anarchism than they would be a few more years down the road.

79
00:07:27.500 --> 00:07:31.940
They found the thought of it somewhat unsettling, even alarming.

80
00:07:31.940 --> 00:07:36.740
It wasn't until the seventies that Rothbard began to come into his own.

81
00:07:36.740 --> 00:07:41.540
By then he was in his late forties and early fifties, and he'd been at this business of

82
00:07:41.540 --> 00:07:46.540
libertarian proselytizing for at least two decades.

83
00:07:46.540 --> 00:07:53.820
I had been born in the Bronx on March 2, 1926, into a family and social milieu of immigrant

84
00:07:53.820 --> 00:07:58.280
Eastern European Jews committed to Communism.

85
00:07:58.280 --> 00:08:04.060
This is how Rothbard himself described it in a 1994 article.

86
00:08:04.060 --> 00:08:06.460
I grew up in a Communist culture.

87
00:08:06.460 --> 00:08:12.460
The middle-class Jews in New York whom I lived among, whether family, friends or neighbors,

88
00:08:12.460 --> 00:08:16.780
were either communists or fellow travelers in the communist orbit.

89
00:08:16.780 --> 00:08:22.740
I had two sets of communist party uncles and aunts on both sides of the family.

90
00:08:22.740 --> 00:08:29.020
But more important, the one great moral question in the lives of all these people was, should

91
00:08:29.020 --> 00:08:35.220
I actually join the communist party and devote the whole of my life to the cause, or should

92
00:08:35.220 --> 00:08:42.600
I remain a fellow traveler and selfishly devote only a fraction of my energy to Communism.

93
00:08:42.600 --> 00:08:48.880
The one exception to this Communist milieu, Rothbard wrote, was my father, David.

94
00:08:48.880 --> 00:08:55.340
My father emigrated to the United States from a Polish sztetl in 1910, impoverished and

95
00:08:55.340 --> 00:08:58.080
knowing not a word of English.

96
00:08:58.080 --> 00:09:04.420
Like most immigrants of that era, he had resolved to become an American in every sense.

97
00:09:04.420 --> 00:09:16.420
for him, not only learning English and making it his language, but also abandoning Yiddish papers and culture and purging himself of any foreign accent.

98
00:09:16.420 --> 00:09:33.420
It also meant devotion to the basic American way, minimal government, belief in and respect for free enterprise and private property, and a determination to rise by one's own merits and not via government privilege or handout.

99
00:09:33.420 --> 00:09:39.920
With his father, as his mentor and teacher, Rothbard says, I grew up in the same spirit.

100
00:09:40.920 --> 00:09:50.920
Murray was good at school. He skipped a couple of entire grades, graduating from high school and enrolling at Columbia University at the age of 16.

101
00:09:50.920 --> 00:09:59.920
By the time he was 20, he held a master's degree in mathematics and had entered Columbia's Ph.D. program in economics.

102
00:09:59.920 --> 00:10:07.920
It was then that free market economist George Stigler, later of the University of Chicago, joined the Columbia faculty.

103
00:10:07.920 --> 00:10:17.920
His first couple of lectures, according to Rothbard's biographer Justin Raimondo, consisted of an attack on the concept of rent control,

104
00:10:17.920 --> 00:10:25.920
an idea very dear to the hearts of many New Yorkers to this day, and a refutation of the idea that a minimum wage

105
00:10:25.920 --> 00:10:32.920
Rothbard was more than delighted, actually. He was also curious, especially after he learned that Stigler had collaborated with someone named Milton Friedman on a pamphlet on the subject of rent.

106
00:10:55.920 --> 00:11:02.160
Control, and that the pamphlet had been published by an organization called the Foundation for

107
00:11:02.160 --> 00:11:09.800
Economic Education, FEE, which was located just a short distance up the Hudson River

108
00:11:09.800 --> 00:11:12.920
north of New York City.

109
00:11:12.920 --> 00:11:18.280
Rothbard wrote to FEE, paid them a visit, and wound up working for them part-time.

110
00:11:18.280 --> 00:11:24.120
Through his new contacts at FEE, he met Frank Chaturov, editor of Analysis, for which he

111
00:11:24.120 --> 00:11:34.260
He also met another Fee part-timer named Ludwig von Mises, an economist from Vienna who would

112
00:11:34.260 --> 00:11:40.240
shortly be set up in an endowed professorship at New York University.

113
00:11:40.240 --> 00:11:45.540
Through his new contacts at Fee, Rothbard also encountered much published writing he

114
00:11:45.540 --> 00:11:47.840
had never known about before.

115
00:11:47.840 --> 00:11:52.720
The works of writers like Frank Chotirov's mentor, Albert J. Nock.

116
00:11:52.720 --> 00:11:58.160
The Works of Writers like Isabel Patterson, Garrett Garrett, John T. Flynn, and Herbert

117
00:11:58.160 --> 00:11:59.160
Spencer.

118
00:11:59.160 --> 00:12:07.220
Then, in 1949, when Rothbard was 23 years old, his new friend Ludwig von Mises published

119
00:12:07.220 --> 00:12:13.560
a new book, a book called Human Action, a treatise on economics.

120
00:12:13.560 --> 00:12:17.740
Rothbard had heard earlier that year that the book was in preparation, and had asked

121
00:12:17.740 --> 00:12:22.060
his informant, someone at Fee, what's the book about?

122
00:12:22.060 --> 00:12:29.400
The Books About Everything, he was told, and when he read it, Rothbard found this to be true.

123
00:12:29.400 --> 00:12:35.900
He also found Human Action to be, in his own words, an enormous revelation.

124
00:12:35.900 --> 00:12:42.140
Justin Raimondo writes that Rothbard had always known what he was against—the New Deal,

125
00:12:42.140 --> 00:12:48.800
the Fair Deal, the herd mentality of the Columbia University graduate class in those days.

126
00:12:48.800 --> 00:12:50.700
But he had a problem.

127
00:12:50.700 --> 00:12:58.540
He had, as he himself put it in a 1972 interview, a definite instinctive feeling or insight or

128
00:12:58.540 --> 00:13:03.220
whatever that there was something wrong with all the schools of economics.

129
00:13:03.220 --> 00:13:07.460
I was very unhappy with all the schools of economic theory.

130
00:13:07.460 --> 00:13:12.820
I thought that when the institutionalists were criticizing the orthodox Anglo-American

131
00:13:12.820 --> 00:13:19.300
economics that they were right, and when the orthodox people were criticizing the institutionalists,

132
00:13:19.300 --> 00:13:47.220
Rothbard reviewed Human Action for Frank Chatarov's monthly analysis, calling it

133
00:13:47.220 --> 00:13:54.660
a work of monumental grandeur that demands and deserves a lifetime of study.

134
00:13:54.660 --> 00:14:00.740
By this time, Rothbard had already become a regular attendee of Mises' famous seminar,

135
00:14:00.740 --> 00:14:07.300
held each Thursday evening for 21 years on the NYU campus in Greenwich Village.

136
00:14:07.300 --> 00:14:14.760
The seminar ran from 725 to 925, and then continued, less formally, in Child's Restaurant

137
00:14:14.760 --> 00:14:21.960
and the Café Lafayette. It attracted NYU graduate students, students from other area colleges

138
00:14:21.960 --> 00:14:28.440
and universities, and a miscellany of members of the general public, including many libertarians,

139
00:14:28.440 --> 00:14:35.880
not a few of whom were teachers or writers themselves. Mises' salary at NYU was paid

140
00:14:35.880 --> 00:14:42.440
not by the university, but by a private educational foundation, the William Volcker Fund, which

141
00:14:42.440 --> 00:14:51.440
which also paid Friedrich Hayek's salary at the University of Chicago throughout the 1950s and into the early 1960s.

142
00:14:51.440 --> 00:15:00.440
The Volcker Fund and the Foundation for Economic Education, FEE, were the most important libertarian organizations of the period

143
00:15:00.440 --> 00:15:06.440
and had an enormous influence on the development of the libertarian movement during those years.

144
00:15:06.440 --> 00:15:13.040
Rothbard himself was experiencing some difficulty locating a teaching job at this time.

145
00:15:13.040 --> 00:15:26.440
He had been awarded his Ph.D. in economics by Columbia in 1956, and had looked energetically for an academic post somewhere in the New York metropolitan area, but to no avail.

146
00:15:26.440 --> 00:15:34.440
He was 30 years old and married. He needed more income than his part-time gig with Fee was bringing him.

147
00:15:34.440 --> 00:15:41.480
So he made arrangements to expand his role at the Volcker Fund, which also employed him part-time.

148
00:15:41.480 --> 00:15:48.520
His job was scouting libertarian talent with an eye to conscious and deliberate movement building.

149
00:15:48.520 --> 00:15:55.160
He read books, magazines, scholarly journals, newspapers, any sort of publication that might

150
00:15:55.160 --> 00:16:01.720
introduce him to writers and thinkers previously unknown to the folks at Volcker, and he wrote

151
00:16:01.720 --> 00:16:07.720
Rothbard wrote memos on what he'd been reading and what he had found and what he recommended doing about it.

152
00:16:07.720 --> 00:16:13.720
He did this work for Volcker throughout the 1950s and into the early 1960s.

153
00:16:13.720 --> 00:16:23.720
It was 1966 when he was 40 years old before he ever landed a teaching job, and once he'd landed one, he hung on to it.

154
00:16:23.720 --> 00:16:34.720
Apart from a semester or three as adjunct faculty at City College of New York, Rothbard held only two teaching jobs in his entire academic career.

155
00:16:34.720 --> 00:16:43.720
The one at Brooklyn Polytechnic, later the Polytechnic Institute of New York University from 1966 to 1986,

156
00:16:43.720 --> 00:16:49.960
and the one at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas from 1986 to the time of

157
00:16:49.960 --> 00:16:58.080
his death in early 1995. Meanwhile, he was writing. He was always writing. He

158
00:16:58.080 --> 00:17:02.840
applied for and received foundation grants above and beyond his regular

159
00:17:02.840 --> 00:17:07.600
income from Fee and Volcker to support the research and writing of his early

160
00:17:07.600 --> 00:17:13.520
books, Man, Economy and State and America's Great Depression. He also wrote

161
00:17:13.520 --> 00:17:22.520
wrote dozens if not hundreds of articles and reviews for periodicals, and gradually his writings were winning him an audience.

162
00:17:22.520 --> 00:17:36.520
According to Raimondo, a piece Rothbard did for the New York Times op-ed page in 1971 led to articles in Newsweek, Time, Esquire, Playboy, the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post,

163
00:17:36.520 --> 00:17:46.520
and all that publicity got him a contract to write a book-length introduction to libertarianism for a mainstream publisher, Macmillan.

164
00:17:46.520 --> 00:17:51.520
The result, for a new liberty, appeared in 1973.

165
00:17:51.520 --> 00:18:01.520
Three years later, he was invited to a meeting at a Colorado ski resort by one of the wealthiest men in America, Kansas oilman Charles Koch,

166
00:18:01.520 --> 00:18:05.520
who wanted to talk with Rothbard about building a libertarian movement.

167
00:18:05.520 --> 00:18:14.520
What sorts of movement institutions did Rothbard think a man with money who wanted to help the movement ought to endow?

168
00:18:14.520 --> 00:18:25.520
It is to this meeting in Colorado in the mid-70s that much of the organizational structure of the libertarian movement as we know it today may be traced.

169
00:18:25.520 --> 00:18:30.520
In the next few years, with financial support from Charles and David Koch,

170
00:18:30.520 --> 00:18:39.520
Rothbard had a hand in the creation of, or the shaping of, some of the most important libertarian institutions of the past half century.

171
00:18:39.520 --> 00:18:53.520
The Center for Libertarian Studies, the Journal of Libertarian Studies, the Literature of Liberty, Inquiry Magazine, the Cato Institute, the Institute for Humane Studies, the Libertarian Party.

172
00:18:53.520 --> 00:19:03.520
Internal power struggles within the network of organizations funded by Koch money forced Rothbard out in the early 1980s.

173
00:19:03.520 --> 00:19:12.520
But within six months he had found a new birth from which to go on influencing the institutional infrastructure of the libertarian movement,

174
00:19:12.520 --> 00:19:22.520
the post of Academic Vice President of the new Ludwig von Mises Institute, which would open its doors a few months later in early 1982.

175
00:19:22.520 --> 00:19:30.960
In the 1970s and 1980s, there was no greater influence on the libertarian movement than

176
00:19:30.960 --> 00:19:32.880
Murray Rothbard.

177
00:19:32.880 --> 00:19:42.400
In those years, if not in 1969 or 1970 or 71, he really was Mr. Libertarian.

178
00:19:42.400 --> 00:19:48.120
In part, of course, this was due to his ingenious version of libertarianism.

179
00:19:48.120 --> 00:19:55.000
It was painstakingly and very, very elegantly and persuasively cobbled together from disparate

180
00:19:55.000 --> 00:20:02.280
sources, Aristotelian philosophy, Austrian economics, American individualist anarchism,

181
00:20:02.280 --> 00:20:08.620
and American historical revisionism, particularly as that revisionism touches on the origins

182
00:20:08.620 --> 00:20:14.800
of government regulation of big business, and on the reasons for and consequences of

183
00:20:14.800 --> 00:20:19.840
The Various Wars in Which the U.S. Government Has Been Involved

184
00:20:19.840 --> 00:20:25.200
Rothbard was one of the most erudite individuals and one of the most brilliant intellectuals

185
00:20:25.200 --> 00:20:33.440
of the 20th century. Read through his major works, Man Economy and State, Power and Market,

186
00:20:33.440 --> 00:20:39.800
America's Great Depression, For a New Liberty, The Ethics of Liberty, The Four Volumes of

187
00:20:39.800 --> 00:20:45.160
Conceived in Liberty, His History of America from Colonial times through the years of the

188
00:20:45.160 --> 00:20:52.080
American Revolution, and the two volumes of his posthumous, unfinished Austrian perspective

189
00:20:52.080 --> 00:20:55.360
on the history of economic thought.

190
00:20:55.360 --> 00:21:01.520
Read through all this, and a few of the seminal Rothbard essays, Left and Right, The Anatomy

191
00:21:01.520 --> 00:21:07.880
of the State, and War, Peace and the State, and you're swept away, not only by the sheer

192
00:21:07.880 --> 00:21:26.800
reading Rothbard, you have the sense that he's looking down on everything from an immense

193
00:21:26.800 --> 00:21:33.640
height, so that he, and thus you, can see all the interconnections, and exactly how

194
00:21:33.640 --> 00:21:36.640
and everything relates to everything else.

195
00:21:36.640 --> 00:21:56.640
Still, impressive as Rothbard's purely intellectual achievement undeniably was, a good case could be made that it was his strategic vision for the libertarian movement that has turned out, 15 years after his untimely death, to be his most influential legacy.

196
00:21:56.640 --> 00:22:02.880
I'm not speaking here of his shorter-term strategic proposals, like the famous proposal

197
00:22:02.880 --> 00:22:08.360
during the Vietnam War years that libertarians should try to make common cause with the New

198
00:22:08.360 --> 00:22:14.920
Left, or his equally famous proposal in the wake of the collapse of European communism

199
00:22:14.920 --> 00:22:21.480
in the early 1990s that libertarians should try to make common cause with conservatives.

200
00:22:21.480 --> 00:22:27.560
I am speaking now of Rothbard's vision of what was needed to make a movement like ours

201
00:22:27.560 --> 00:22:34.080
thrive and grow, the kinds of institutions it would need, the kinds of talent it would

202
00:22:34.080 --> 00:22:41.120
need to seek out and nurture in order to perpetuate itself and ensure its own growth.

203
00:22:41.120 --> 00:22:46.340
We see that vision at work all around us in the world we live in today.

204
00:22:46.340 --> 00:22:52.360
So when we reflect on how far the libertarian movement has come in the last half century,

205
00:22:52.360 --> 00:22:57.560
how much it has grown, we should be aware that a substantial part of the credit for

206
00:22:57.560 --> 00:23:04.680
that growth belongs to Mr. Libertarian, Murray R. Rothbard.

207
00:23:04.680 --> 00:23:11.680
This is Jeff Riggenbach.