WEBVTT NOTE The New Toryism 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:07.440 The Man vs. the State by Herbert Spencer 2 00:00:07.440 --> 00:00:13.640 The New Toryism Most of those who now pass as liberals are 3 00:00:13.640 --> 00:00:21.040 Tories of a new type. This is a paradox which I propose to justify. That I may justify it, 4 00:00:21.040 --> 00:00:27.800 I must point out first what the two political parties originally were, and I must then ask 5 00:00:27.800 --> 00:00:45.680 Dating back to an earlier period than their names, the two political parties at first 6 00:00:45.680 --> 00:00:51.920 stood respectively for two opposed types of social organization, broadly distinguishable 7 00:00:51.920 --> 00:01:19.440 If, instead of using the word cooperation in a limited sense, we use it in its widest sense 8 00:01:19.440 --> 00:01:40.400 The typical structure of the one we see in the army formed of conscripts, in which the 9 00:01:40.400 --> 00:01:45.560 units in their several grades have to fulfil commands on the pain of death and receive 10 00:01:45.560 --> 00:01:50.440 with food and clothing and pay arbitrarily apportioned. 11 00:01:50.440 --> 00:01:55.200 While the typical structure of the other we see in a body of producers or distributors 12 00:01:55.200 --> 00:02:00.560 who severally agree to specified payments and return for specified services and may 13 00:02:00.560 --> 00:02:07.640 at will, after due notice, leave the organization if they do not like it. 14 00:02:07.640 --> 00:02:13.000 During social evolution in England, the distinction between these two fundamentally opposed forms 15 00:02:13.000 --> 00:02:35.520 The truth is familiar that, here as elsewhere, it was habitually by town populations, formed 16 00:02:35.520 --> 00:02:41.400 of workers and traders accustomed to cooperate under contract, that resistances were made 17 00:02:41.400 --> 00:02:46.840 to that coercive rule which characterizes cooperation under status. 18 00:02:46.840 --> 00:02:52.920 While conversely, cooperation under status arising from and adjusted to chronic warfare 19 00:02:52.920 --> 00:02:59.160 was supported in rural districts, originally peopled by military chiefs and their dependents, 20 00:02:59.160 --> 00:03:02.520 where the primitive ideas and traditions survived. 21 00:03:02.520 --> 00:03:08.920 Moreover, this contrast in political leanings, shown before Whig and Tory principles became 22 00:03:08.920 --> 00:03:13.400 and clearly distinguished, continued to be shown afterwards. 23 00:03:13.400 --> 00:03:17.980 At the period of the Revolution, while the villages and smaller towns were monopolized 24 00:03:17.980 --> 00:03:23.080 by Tories, the larger cities and manufacturing districts and the ports of commerce formed 25 00:03:23.080 --> 00:03:26.280 the stronghold of the Liberals. 26 00:03:26.280 --> 00:03:34.680 And that, in spite of exceptions, the like general relation still exists, needs no proving. 27 00:03:34.680 --> 00:03:40.460 Such were the natures of the two parties as indicated by their origins. Observe now how 28 00:03:40.460 --> 00:03:46.980 their natures were indicated by their early doctrines and deeds. Whiggism began with resistance 29 00:03:46.980 --> 00:03:53.980 to Charles II and his cabal in their efforts to re-establish unchecked monarchical power. 30 00:03:53.980 --> 00:03:58.960 The Whigs regarded the monarchy as a civil institution established by the nation for 31 00:03:58.960 --> 00:04:04.680 for the benefit of all its members. While the Tories, the monarch was the delegate 32 00:04:04.680 --> 00:04:11.760 of heaven. And these doctrines involved the beliefs, the one that subjection of citizen 33 00:04:11.760 --> 00:04:18.640 to ruler was conditional, and the other that it was unconditional. Describing Whig and 34 00:04:18.640 --> 00:04:23.960 Tory as conceived at the end of the seventeenth century, some fifty years before he wrote 35 00:04:23.960 --> 00:04:34.820 The Power and Majesty of the People and Original Contracts, the Authority and Independency 36 00:04:34.820 --> 00:04:41.520 of Parliaments, Liberty, Resistance, Exclusion, Abdication, Deposition. These were ideas associated 37 00:04:41.520 --> 00:04:48.800 at that time to the idea of a Whig, and supposed by every Whig to be incommunicable and inconsistent 38 00:04:48.800 --> 00:04:54.160 with the Idea of a Tory Divine, hereditary, indefeasible, right, 39 00:04:54.160 --> 00:04:59.920 lineal succession, passive obedience, prerogative, non-resistance, slavery, nay, and sometimes 40 00:04:59.920 --> 00:05:06.600 potpourri too, were associated in many minds to the idea of a Tory, and deemed incommunicable 41 00:05:06.600 --> 00:05:12.360 and inconsistent in the same manner with the idea of a Whig. 42 00:05:12.360 --> 00:05:18.360 Dissertation on Parties, page 5 And if we compare these descriptions, we 43 00:05:18.360 --> 00:05:23.560 We see that in the one party there was a desire to resist and decrease the coercive power 44 00:05:23.560 --> 00:05:29.240 of the ruler over the subject, and in the other party to maintain or increase his coercive 45 00:05:29.240 --> 00:05:36.160 power. This distinction in their aims, a distinction which transcends in meaning and importance 46 00:05:36.160 --> 00:05:41.800 all other political distinctions, was displayed in their early doings. 47 00:05:41.800 --> 00:05:46.920 Weak principles were exemplified in the heaviest corpus act and in the measure by which judges 48 00:05:46.920 --> 00:05:53.120 were made independent of the Crown, in defeat of the Non-Resisting Test Bill, which proposed 49 00:05:53.120 --> 00:05:58.160 for legislators and officials a compulsory oath that they would in no case resist the 50 00:05:58.160 --> 00:06:04.820 King by Arms, and later they were exemplified in the Bill of Rights, framed to secure subjects 51 00:06:04.820 --> 00:06:12.860 against monarchical aggressions. These acts had the same intrinsic nature. The principle 52 00:06:12.860 --> 00:06:17.980 The principle of compulsory cooperation throughout social life was weakened by them, and the 53 00:06:17.980 --> 00:06:24.980 principle of voluntary cooperation strengthened. That, at a subsequent period, the policy of 54 00:06:24.980 --> 00:06:30.420 the party had the same general tendency, is well shown by a remark of Mr. Green concerning 55 00:06:30.420 --> 00:06:35.460 the period of weak power after the death of Anne. 56 00:06:35.460 --> 00:06:39.740 Before the fifty years of their rule had passed, Englishmen had forgotten that it was possible 57 00:06:39.740 --> 00:06:44.940 or to persecute for differences of religion, or to put down the liberty of the press, or 58 00:06:44.940 --> 00:06:50.980 to tamper with the administration of justice, or to rule without a parliament. 59 00:06:50.980 --> 00:06:55.540 Short History, p.705 60 00:06:55.540 --> 00:07:01.220 And now, passing over the war period which closed the last century and began this, during 61 00:07:01.220 --> 00:07:06.420 which that extension of individual freedom previously gained was lost, and the retrograde 62 00:07:06.420 --> 00:07:12.140 movement towards the social type proper to militancy was shown by all kinds of coercive 63 00:07:12.140 --> 00:07:18.660 measures, from those which took by force the persons and property of citizens for war purposes 64 00:07:18.660 --> 00:07:23.540 to those which suppressed public meetings and sought to gag the press, let us recall 65 00:07:23.540 --> 00:07:29.460 the general characters of these changes effected by Whigs or liberals after the re-establishment 66 00:07:29.460 --> 00:07:34.460 of peace permitted revival of the industrial regime and return to its appropriate type 67 00:07:34.460 --> 00:08:04.460 Under growing Whig influence, there came repeal of the laws forbidding combinations among artisans, as well as of those which interfered with their freedom of travelling. There was the measure by which, under Whig pressure, dissenters were allowed to believe as they pleased without suffering certain civil penalties. And there was the Whig measure, carried out by Tories under compulsion, which enabled Catholics to profess their religion without losing part of their freedom. 68 00:08:04.460 --> 00:08:11.140 The idea of liberty was extended by acts which forbade the buying of Negroes and the holding 69 00:08:11.140 --> 00:08:16.540 of them in bondage. The East India Company's monopoly was abolished and trade with the 70 00:08:16.540 --> 00:08:23.180 East made open to all. The political serfdom of the unrepresented was narrowed in areas 71 00:08:23.180 --> 00:08:29.420 both by the Reform Bill and the Municipal Reform Bill, so that alike generally and locally, 72 00:08:29.420 --> 00:08:33.380 The many were less under the coercion of the few. 73 00:08:33.380 --> 00:08:38.460 Dissenters, no longer obliged to submit to the ecclesiastical form of marriage, were 74 00:08:38.460 --> 00:08:42.340 made free to wed by a purely civil right. 75 00:08:42.340 --> 00:08:47.420 Later came diminution and removal of restraints on the buying of foreign commodities and the 76 00:08:47.420 --> 00:08:53.080 employment of foreign vessels and foreign sailors, and later still the removal of those burdens 77 00:08:53.080 --> 00:08:58.780 on the press, which were originally imposed to hinder the diffusion of opinion. 78 00:08:58.780 --> 00:09:05.000 And of all these changes, it is unquestionable that, whether made or not by liberals themselves, 79 00:09:05.000 --> 00:09:11.540 they were made in conformity with principles professed and urged by liberals. 80 00:09:11.540 --> 00:09:16.440 But why do I enumerate facts so well known to us all? 81 00:09:16.440 --> 00:09:22.060 Simply because, as intimated at the outset, it seems needful to remind everybody what 82 00:09:22.060 --> 00:09:27.980 liberalism was in the past, that they may perceive its unlikeliness to the so-called 83 00:09:27.980 --> 00:09:34.560 Liberalism of the present. It would be inexcusable to name these various measures for the purposes 84 00:09:34.560 --> 00:09:40.420 of pointing out the character common to them, were it not that in our day men have forgotten 85 00:09:40.420 --> 00:09:47.720 their common character. They do not remember that, in one way or another, all these truly 86 00:09:47.720 --> 00:09:53.360 liberal changes diminished compulsory cooperation throughout social life and increased voluntary 87 00:09:53.360 --> 00:09:55.240 Cooperation. 88 00:09:55.240 --> 00:10:00.240 They have forgotten that, in one direction or other, they diminished the range of governmental 89 00:10:00.240 --> 00:10:06.500 authority and increased the area within which each citizen may act unchecked. 90 00:10:06.500 --> 00:10:11.740 They have lost sight of the truth that in past times liberalism habitually stood for 91 00:10:11.740 --> 00:10:17.120 individual freedom versus state coercion. 92 00:10:17.120 --> 00:10:19.620 And now comes the inquiry. 93 00:10:19.620 --> 00:10:23.000 How is it that liberals have lost sight of this? 94 00:10:23.000 --> 00:10:28.320 How is it that liberalism, getting more and more into power, has grown more and more coercive 95 00:10:28.320 --> 00:10:35.440 in its legislation? How is it that either directly through its own majorities or indirectly 96 00:10:35.440 --> 00:10:41.560 through aid given in such cases to the majorities of its opponents, liberalism has to an increasing 97 00:10:41.560 --> 00:10:47.720 extent adopted the policy of dictating the actions of citizens and, by consequence, diminishing 98 00:10:47.720 --> 00:10:52.480 the range throughout which their actions remain free? 99 00:10:52.480 --> 00:10:57.400 How are we to explain this spreading confusion of thought which has led it in pursuit of 100 00:10:57.400 --> 00:11:03.960 what appears to be public good to invert the method by which in earlier days it achieved 101 00:11:03.960 --> 00:11:11.960 public good? Unaccountable as at first sight this unconscious change of policy seems, we 102 00:11:11.960 --> 00:11:18.440 shall find it has arisen quite naturally. Given the unanalytical thought ordinarily 103 00:11:18.440 --> 00:11:48.440 From the lowest to the highest creatures, intelligence progressive by acts of discrimination, and it continues so to progress, among men, from the most ignorant to the most cultured. To class rightly, to put in the same 104 00:11:48.440 --> 00:12:00.440 In the same group, things which are of essentially the same natures, and in other groups things of natures essentially different, is the fundamental condition to right guidance of actions. 105 00:12:00.440 --> 00:12:15.440 Beginning with rudimentary vision, which gives warning that some large opaque body is passing near, just as closed eyes turn to the window, perceiving the shade caused by a hand put before them tellers of something moving in front. 106 00:12:15.440 --> 00:12:21.320 The advance is to developed vision, which, by exactly appreciated combinations of forms, 107 00:12:21.320 --> 00:12:27.440 colors and motions, identifies objects at great distances as prey or enemies, and so 108 00:12:27.440 --> 00:12:34.600 makes it possible to improve the adjustments of conduct for securing food or evading death. 109 00:12:34.600 --> 00:12:39.700 That progressing perception of differences and consequent greater correctness of classing 110 00:12:39.700 --> 00:12:45.000 constitutes under one of its chief aspects the growth of intelligence, is equally seen 111 00:12:45.000 --> 00:13:13.040 Undeveloped Intellectual Vision is just as indiscriminating and erroneous in its classings 112 00:13:43.040 --> 00:13:49.760 Shelfish and under the sub-name Shelfish puts together crustaceans and mollusks, nay, which 113 00:13:49.760 --> 00:13:56.640 goes further and regards as fish the cetacean mammals. 114 00:13:56.640 --> 00:14:01.440 Partly because of the likeness in their modes of life as inhabiting the water, and partly 115 00:14:01.440 --> 00:14:06.560 because of some general resemblance in their flavours, creatures that are in their essential 116 00:14:06.560 --> 00:14:12.180 natures far more widely separated than a fish is from a bird, are associated in the same 117 00:14:12.180 --> 00:14:22.620 Now, the general truth thus exemplified holds throughout those higher ranges of intellectual 118 00:14:22.620 --> 00:14:28.100 vision concerned with things not presentable to the senses and, among others, such things 119 00:14:28.100 --> 00:14:34.220 as political institutions and political measures. For, when thinking of these two, the results 120 00:14:34.220 --> 00:14:41.220 of inadequate intellectual faculty, or inadequate culture of it, or both, are erroneous classings 121 00:14:41.220 --> 00:14:48.900 and Consequent Erroneous Conclusions. Indeed, the liability to error is here much greater, 122 00:14:48.900 --> 00:14:53.620 since the things with which the intellect is concerned do not admit of examination in 123 00:14:53.620 --> 00:15:00.700 the same easy way. You cannot touch or see a political institution. It can be known only 124 00:15:00.700 --> 00:15:06.980 by an effort of constructive imagination. Neither can you apprehend by physical perception 125 00:15:06.980 --> 00:15:13.460 In a political measure, this no less requires a process of mental representation by which 126 00:15:13.460 --> 00:15:19.860 its elements are put together in thought and the essential nature of the combination conceived. 127 00:15:19.860 --> 00:15:26.620 Here, therefore, still more than in the cases above named, defective intellectual vision 128 00:15:26.620 --> 00:15:33.580 is shown in grouping by external characters or extrinsic circumstances. How institutions 129 00:15:33.580 --> 00:15:38.940 are wrongly classed from this cause, we see in the common notion that the Roman Republic 130 00:15:38.940 --> 00:15:45.020 was a popular form of government. Look into the early days of the French revolutionists 131 00:15:45.020 --> 00:15:49.820 who aimed at an ideal state of freedom, and you find that the political forms and deeds 132 00:15:49.820 --> 00:15:55.940 of the Romans were their models, and even now a historian might be named who instances 133 00:15:55.940 --> 00:16:03.140 the corruption of the Roman Republic as showing us what popular government leads to. Yet the 134 00:16:03.140 --> 00:16:07.480 The resemblance between the institutions of the Romans and free institutions properly 135 00:16:07.480 --> 00:16:14.700 so called was less than between a shark and a porpoise, as a resemblance of general external 136 00:16:14.700 --> 00:16:21.420 form accompanying widely different internal structures. For the Roman government was that 137 00:16:21.420 --> 00:16:29.420 of a small oligarchy within a larger oligarchy, the members of each being unchecked autocrats. 138 00:16:29.420 --> 00:16:35.020 A society in which the relatively few men who had political power and were in a qualified 139 00:16:35.020 --> 00:16:41.980 sense free were so many petty despots, holding not only slaves and dependents, but even children 140 00:16:41.980 --> 00:16:47.700 in a bondage no less absolute than that in which they held their cattle, was, by its 141 00:16:47.700 --> 00:16:53.780 intrinsic nature, more nearly allied to an ordinary despotism than to a society of citizens 142 00:16:53.780 --> 00:16:57.660 politically equal. 143 00:16:57.660 --> 00:17:02.360 According now to our special question, we may understand the kind of confusion in which 144 00:17:02.360 --> 00:17:08.160 liberalism has lost itself, and the origin of those mistaken classings of political measures 145 00:17:08.160 --> 00:17:14.380 which have misled it, classings as we shall see by conspicuous external traits instead 146 00:17:14.380 --> 00:17:21.220 of by internal measures. For what in the popular apprehension and in the apprehension of those 147 00:17:21.220 --> 00:17:27.340 One of the factors who affected them were the changes made by liberals in the past. 148 00:17:27.340 --> 00:17:33.180 They were abolitions of grievances suffered by the people, or by portions of them. 149 00:17:33.180 --> 00:17:39.060 This was the common trait they had which most impressed itself on men's minds. 150 00:17:39.060 --> 00:17:44.780 They were mitigations of evil which had directly or indirectly been felt by large classes of 151 00:17:44.780 --> 00:17:51.580 of Citizens as Causes to Misery or as Hindrances to Happinesses. 152 00:17:51.580 --> 00:17:57.180 And since, in the minds of most, a rectified evil is equivalent to an achieved good, these 153 00:17:57.180 --> 00:18:02.300 measures came to be thought of as so many positive benefits, and the welfare of the 154 00:18:02.300 --> 00:18:07.700 many came to be conceived alike by liberal statesmen and liberal voters as the aim of 155 00:18:07.700 --> 00:18:10.060 liberalism. 156 00:18:10.060 --> 00:18:15.820 Hence the confusion. The gaining of a popular good, being the external conspicuous trait 157 00:18:15.820 --> 00:18:22.100 common to liberal measures in earlier days, then in each case gained by a relaxation of 158 00:18:22.100 --> 00:18:28.900 restraints, it has happened that popular good has come to be sought by liberals not as an 159 00:18:28.900 --> 00:18:35.020 end to be indirectly gained by relaxations of restraints, but as the end to be directly 160 00:18:35.020 --> 00:18:50.980 And now, having seen how this reversal of policy has arisen, or partial reversal, I 161 00:18:50.980 --> 00:18:55.980 should say, for the recent Burials Act and the effort to remove all remaining religious 162 00:18:55.980 --> 00:19:02.820 inequalities show continuance of the original policy in certain directions, let us proceed 163 00:19:02.820 --> 00:19:08.100 to contemplate the extent to which it has been carried during recent times, and the 164 00:19:08.100 --> 00:19:12.940 still greater extent to which the future will see it carried if current ideas and feelings 165 00:19:12.940 --> 00:19:17.260 continue to predominate. 166 00:19:17.260 --> 00:19:22.120 Before proceeding, it may be well to say that no reflections are intended on the motives 167 00:19:22.120 --> 00:19:28.280 which prompted one after another of these various restraints and dictations. These motives 168 00:19:28.280 --> 00:19:33.740 were doubtless, in nearly all cases, good. It must be admitted that the restrictions 169 00:19:33.740 --> 00:19:40.080 placed by an Act of 1870 on the employment of women and children in Turkey-red dying 170 00:19:40.080 --> 00:19:46.280 works were, in intention, no less philanthropic than those of Edward VI, which prescribed 171 00:19:46.280 --> 00:19:51.100 the minimum time for which a journeyman should be retained. 172 00:19:51.100 --> 00:19:57.100 Without question, the Seed Supply Ireland Act of 1880, which empowered guardians to 173 00:19:57.100 --> 00:20:03.180 to buy seed for poor tenants, and then to see it properly planted, was moved by a desire 174 00:20:03.180 --> 00:20:09.780 for public welfare no less great than that which in 1533 prescribed the number of sheep 175 00:20:09.780 --> 00:20:15.780 a tenant might keep, or that of 1597 which commanded that decayed houses of husbandry 176 00:20:15.780 --> 00:20:19.220 should be rebuilt. 177 00:20:19.220 --> 00:20:23.760 Nobody will dispute that the various measures of late years taken for restricting the sale 178 00:20:23.760 --> 00:20:38.760 have been taken as much with a view to public morals as were the measures taken of old for checking the evils of luxury, as for existence in the fourteenth century when diet as well as dress was restricted. 179 00:20:38.760 --> 00:20:44.620 Everyone must see that the edicts issued by Henry VIII to prevent the lower classes from 180 00:20:44.620 --> 00:20:51.880 playing dice, cards, bowls, etc., were not more prompted by desire for popular welfare 181 00:20:51.880 --> 00:20:59.400 than were the acts passed of late to check gambling. Further, I do not intend here to 182 00:20:59.400 --> 00:21:05.600 question the wisdom of these modern interferences which conservatives and liberals vie with 183 00:21:05.600 --> 00:21:28.600 We will not now consider whether the plans of late adopted for preserving the lives of sailors are, or are not, more judicious than sweeping scotch-measure which, in the middle of the 15th century, prohibited captains from leaving harbour during the winter. 184 00:21:28.600 --> 00:21:57.160 We will assume that there is no less sense in that clause of the Canal Boat Act, which 185 00:21:57.160 --> 00:22:02.160 Which forbids an owner to board gratuitously the children of the boatman than there was 186 00:22:02.160 --> 00:22:08.360 in the Spitalfields Act which, up till 1824, for the benefit of the artisans, forbade the 187 00:22:08.360 --> 00:22:15.240 manufacturers to fix their factories more than ten miles from the royal exchange. 188 00:22:15.240 --> 00:22:20.960 We exclude then these questions of philanthropic motive and wise judgment, taking both of them 189 00:22:20.960 --> 00:22:26.840 for granted, and have here to concern ourselves solely with the compulsory nature of the measures 190 00:22:26.840 --> 00:22:42.400 To bring the illustrations within Compass, let us commence with 1860, under the second 191 00:22:42.400 --> 00:22:49.280 administration of Lord Palmerston. In that year, the restrictions of the Factories Act 192 00:22:49.280 --> 00:22:55.280 were extended to bleaching and dyeing works. Authority was given to provide analysts of 193 00:22:55.280 --> 00:23:16.280 There was an act providing for inspection of gasworks, as well as for fixing quality of gas and limiting price. There was the act which, in addition to further mine inspection, made it penal to employ boys under 12 not attending school and unable to read and write. 194 00:23:16.280 --> 00:23:23.980 In 1861 occurred an extension of the compulsory provisions of the Factory Act to laceworks. 195 00:23:23.980 --> 00:23:30.140 Power was given to pool or guardians, etc., to enforce vaccination. Local boards were 196 00:23:30.140 --> 00:23:36.300 authorized to fix rates of hire for horses, ponies, mules, asses and boats, and certain 197 00:23:36.300 --> 00:23:41.960 locally formed bodies had given to them powers of taxing the locality for rural drainage 198 00:23:41.960 --> 00:23:47.000 and Irrigation Works and for Supplying Water to Cattle. 199 00:23:47.000 --> 00:23:52.280 In 1862, an Act was passed for restricting the employment of women and children in open 200 00:23:52.280 --> 00:23:58.640 air bleaching, and an Act for making illegal a coal mine with a single shaft, or with shafts 201 00:23:58.640 --> 00:24:04.240 separated by less than a specified space, as well as an Act giving the Council of Medical 202 00:24:04.240 --> 00:24:09.800 Education the exclusive right to publish a pharmacopoeia, the price of which is to be 203 00:24:09.800 --> 00:24:16.800 In 1863 came the extension of compulsory vaccination to Scotland and also to Ireland. There came 204 00:24:19.440 --> 00:24:24.720 the empowering of certain boards to borrow money repayable from the local rates, to employ 205 00:24:24.720 --> 00:24:30.560 and to pay those out of work. There came the authorizing of town authorities to take possession 206 00:24:30.560 --> 00:24:36.400 of neglected ornamental spaces and rate the inhabitants for their support. There came 207 00:24:36.400 --> 00:24:41.560 and the Bake Houses Regulation Act, which, besides specifying minimal age of employees 208 00:24:41.560 --> 00:24:47.360 occupied between certain hours, prescribed periodical lime washing, three coats of paint 209 00:24:47.360 --> 00:24:53.280 when painted, and cleaning with hot water and soap at least once in six months. And 210 00:24:53.280 --> 00:24:57.680 there came also an Act giving a magistrate authority to decide on the wholesomeness or 211 00:24:57.680 --> 00:25:04.640 unwholesomeness of food brought before him by an inspector. Of compulsory legislation 212 00:25:04.640 --> 00:25:10.200 and dating from 1864, may be named an extension of the Factories Act to various additional 213 00:25:10.200 --> 00:25:15.760 trades, including regulations for cleansing and ventilation, and specifying of certain 214 00:25:15.760 --> 00:25:20.840 employees in match works, but they might not take meals on the premises except in the wood 215 00:25:20.840 --> 00:25:28.280 cutting places. Also, they were passed a Chimney Sweepers Act, an act for further regulating 216 00:25:28.280 --> 00:25:34.580 the sale of beer in Ireland, an act for compulsory testing of cables and anchors, an act extending 217 00:25:34.580 --> 00:25:40.860 in the Public Works Act of 1863 and the Contagious Diseases Act, which last gave the police in 218 00:25:40.860 --> 00:25:46.660 specified places powers which, in respect of certain classes of women, abolished sundry 219 00:25:46.660 --> 00:25:53.660 of those safeguards to individual freedom established in past times. The year 1865 witnessed 220 00:25:54.140 --> 00:26:00.300 further provision for the reception and temporary relief of wanderers at the cost of rate payers, 221 00:26:00.300 --> 00:26:05.680 Another Public House Closing Act and an Act Making Compulsory Regulations for Extinguishing 222 00:26:05.680 --> 00:26:13.260 Fires in London. Then, under the Ministry of Lord John Russell in 1866, have to be named 223 00:26:13.260 --> 00:26:19.340 an Act to regulate cattle sheds etc. in Scotland, giving local authorities power to inspect 224 00:26:19.340 --> 00:26:25.140 sanitary conditions and fix the numbers of cattle, an Act forcing hop growers to label 225 00:26:25.140 --> 00:26:30.140 their bags with the year and place of growth and the true weight, and giving police powers 226 00:26:30.140 --> 00:26:36.220 of Search, an Act to facilitate the building of lodging houses in Ireland and providing 227 00:26:36.220 --> 00:26:42.300 for regulation of the inmates, a Public Health Act under which there is regulation of lodging 228 00:26:42.300 --> 00:26:48.460 houses and limitation of occupants with inspection and directions for lime washing, etc., and 229 00:26:48.460 --> 00:26:53.820 a Public Libraries Act giving local powers by which a majority can tax a minority for 230 00:26:53.820 --> 00:26:56.860 their books. 231 00:26:56.860 --> 00:27:03.420 Passing now to the legislation under the first ministry of Mr. Gladstone, we have in 1869 232 00:27:03.420 --> 00:27:08.500 the establishment of state telegraphy, with the accompanying interdict on telegraphing 233 00:27:08.500 --> 00:27:15.220 through any other agency. We have the empowering a Secretary of State to regulate hired convences 234 00:27:15.220 --> 00:27:20.580 in London. We have further and more stringent regulations to prevent cattle diseases from 235 00:27:20.580 --> 00:27:26.380 spreading, another Beer House Regulation Act and a Seabirds Preservation Act ensuring 236 00:27:26.380 --> 00:27:32.900 and Greater Mortality of Fish. In 1870, we have a law authorizing the Board of Public 237 00:27:32.900 --> 00:27:39.300 Works to make advances for landlords' improvements and for purchase by tenants. We have the Act 238 00:27:39.300 --> 00:27:44.620 which enables the Education Department to form school boards which shall purchase sites 239 00:27:44.620 --> 00:27:50.900 for schools and may provide free schools supported by local rates, and enabling school boards 240 00:27:50.900 --> 00:27:57.380 to pay a child's fees, to compel parents to send their children, etc. 241 00:27:57.380 --> 00:28:02.220 We have a further Factories and Workshops Act, making, among other restrictions, some 242 00:28:02.220 --> 00:28:07.780 on the employment of women and children in fruit-preserving and fish-curing works. 243 00:28:07.780 --> 00:28:14.140 In 1871, we met with an amended Merchant Shipping Act, directing officers of the Board of Trade 244 00:28:14.140 --> 00:28:18.400 to record the draft of seagoing vessels leaving port. 245 00:28:18.400 --> 00:28:23.760 There is another Factory and Workshops Act, making further restrictions. There is a Peddlers 246 00:28:23.760 --> 00:28:29.480 Act, inflicting penalties for hawking without a certificate, and limiting the district within 247 00:28:29.480 --> 00:28:35.440 which the certificate holds, as well as giving the police power to search peddlers' packs. 248 00:28:35.440 --> 00:28:42.240 And there are further measures for enforcing vaccination. The year 1872 had, among other 249 00:28:42.240 --> 00:28:48.800 The act is one which makes it illegal to take for hire more than one child to nurse unless 250 00:28:48.800 --> 00:28:55.120 in a house registered by the authorities who prescribe the number of infants to be received. 251 00:28:55.120 --> 00:29:01.180 It had a licensing act interdicting sale of spirits to those apparently under 16 and it 252 00:29:01.180 --> 00:29:07.520 had another merchant shipping act establishing an annual survey of passenger steamers. 253 00:29:07.520 --> 00:29:13.440 One in 1873 was passed the Agricultural Children's Act, which makes it penal for a farmer to 254 00:29:13.440 --> 00:29:19.000 employ a child who has neither certificate of elementary education nor of certain prescribed 255 00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:25.560 school attendances. There was passed a Merchant Shipping Act requiring on each vessel a scale 256 00:29:25.560 --> 00:29:30.560 showing draft and giving the Board of Trade power to fix the number of boats and life-saving 257 00:29:30.560 --> 00:29:33.840 appliances to be carried. 258 00:29:33.840 --> 00:29:39.360 We turn now to liberal lawmaking under the present ministry. We have, in 1880, a law 259 00:29:39.360 --> 00:29:44.880 which forbids conditional advance notes in payment of sailors' wages, also a law which 260 00:29:44.880 --> 00:29:50.660 dictates certain arrangements for the safe carriage of grain cargos, also a law increasing 261 00:29:50.660 --> 00:29:57.580 local coercion over parents to send their children to school. In 1881 comes legislation 262 00:29:57.580 --> 00:30:03.020 to prevent trawling over clam beds and bait beds, and an interdict making it impossible 263 00:30:03.020 --> 00:30:13.340 In 1882, the Board of Trade was authorized to grant licenses to generate and sell electricity, 264 00:30:13.340 --> 00:30:18.660 and municipal bodies were enabled to levy rates for electric lighting. Further exemptions 265 00:30:18.660 --> 00:30:24.860 from ratepayers were authorized for facilitating more accessible baths and wash houses, and 266 00:30:24.860 --> 00:30:30.020 local authorities were empowered to make bylaws for securing the decent lodging of persons 267 00:30:30.020 --> 00:30:54.020 of such legislation during 1883 may be named the Cheap Trains Act, which, partly by taxing the nation to the extent of £400,000 a year, in the shape of relinquished passenger duty, and partly at the cost of railway proprietors, still further cheapens travelling for workmen. 268 00:30:54.020 --> 00:30:59.180 The Board of Trade, through the Railway Commissioners, being empowered to ensure sufficiently good 269 00:30:59.180 --> 00:31:05.540 and frequent accommodation. Again, there is the Act, which, under the penalty of £10 270 00:31:05.540 --> 00:31:11.620 for disobedience, forbids the payment of wages to workmen at or within public houses. There 271 00:31:11.620 --> 00:31:17.340 is another, Factory and Workshops Act, commanding inspection of white leadworks, to see that 272 00:31:17.340 --> 00:31:24.340 that there are provided overalls, respirators, baths, assiduated drinks, etc. 273 00:31:24.580 --> 00:31:30.900 and of bakehouses regulating times of employment in both, and prescribing in detail some constructions 274 00:31:30.900 --> 00:31:37.900 for the last, which are to be kept in a condition satisfactory to the inspectors. 275 00:31:38.060 --> 00:31:43.500 But we are far from forming an adequate conception if we look only at the compulsory legislation 276 00:31:43.500 --> 00:31:46.860 in which has actually been established of late years. 277 00:31:46.860 --> 00:31:52.180 We must look also at that which is advocated and which threatens to be far more sweeping 278 00:31:52.180 --> 00:31:55.700 in range and stringent in character. 279 00:31:55.700 --> 00:32:00.580 We have lately had a cabinet minister, one of the most advanced liberals, so called, 280 00:32:00.580 --> 00:32:05.780 who poo-poos the plans of the late government for improving industrial dwellings as so much 281 00:32:05.780 --> 00:32:12.420 tinkering, and contends for effectual coercion to be exercised over owners of small houses, 282 00:32:12.420 --> 00:32:16.060 over landowners and over ratepayers. 283 00:32:16.060 --> 00:32:20.060 Here is another cabinet minister who, addressing his constituents, 284 00:32:20.060 --> 00:32:23.980 speaks slightingly of the doings of philanthropic societies and religious 285 00:32:23.980 --> 00:32:25.820 bodies to help the poor, 286 00:32:25.820 --> 00:32:29.940 and says that the whole of the people of this country ought to look upon this 287 00:32:29.940 --> 00:32:32.420 work as being their own work. 288 00:32:32.420 --> 00:32:38.580 That is to say, some extensive government measure is called for. 289 00:32:38.580 --> 00:32:43.660 Again, we have a radical Member of Parliament who leads a large and powerful body, aiming 290 00:32:43.660 --> 00:32:50.180 with annually increasing promises of success, to enforce sobriety by giving a local magistrate 291 00:32:50.180 --> 00:32:56.660 powers to prevent freedom of exchange in respect of certain commodities. Regulation of the 292 00:32:56.660 --> 00:33:01.620 hours of labour for certain classes, which has been made more and more general by successive 293 00:33:01.620 --> 00:33:07.420 extensions of the Factories Act, is likely now to be made still more general. A measure 294 00:33:07.420 --> 00:33:13.140 There is to be proposed bringing the employees in all shops under such regulation. 295 00:33:13.140 --> 00:33:18.780 There is a rising demand, too, that education shall be made gratis, i.e., tax-supported, 296 00:33:18.780 --> 00:33:20.340 for all. 297 00:33:20.340 --> 00:33:24.460 The payment of school fees is beginning to be denounced as a wrong. 298 00:33:24.460 --> 00:33:27.060 The State must take the whole burden. 299 00:33:27.060 --> 00:33:32.380 Moreover, it is proposed by many that the State, regarded as an undoubtedly competent 300 00:33:32.380 --> 00:33:52.380 The first judge of what constitutes good education for the poor shall undertake also to prescribe good education for the middle classes, shall stamp the children of these too after a state pattern concerning the goodness of which they have no more doubt than that the Chinese had when they fixed theirs. 301 00:33:52.380 --> 00:33:57.480 is the endowment of research of late energetically urged. 302 00:33:57.480 --> 00:34:02.620 Already the government gives every year the sum of £4,000 for this purpose to be distributed 303 00:34:02.620 --> 00:34:08.020 through the Royal Society, and, in the absence of those who have strong motives for resisting 304 00:34:08.020 --> 00:34:13.460 the pressure of the interested, backed by those they easily persuade, it may by and 305 00:34:13.460 --> 00:34:21.580 by establish that paid priesthood of science long ago advocated by Sir David Brewster. 306 00:34:21.580 --> 00:34:26.500 Once more, plausible proposals are made that there should be organized a system of compulsory 307 00:34:26.500 --> 00:34:31.940 insurance by which men during their early lives shall be forced to provide for the time 308 00:34:31.940 --> 00:34:35.380 when they will be incapacitated. 309 00:34:35.380 --> 00:34:40.780 Nor does enumeration of these further measures of coercive rule, looming on us near at hand 310 00:34:40.780 --> 00:34:44.020 or in the distance, complete the account. 311 00:34:44.020 --> 00:34:48.460 Nothing more than cursory allusion has yet been made to that accompanying compulsion 312 00:34:48.460 --> 00:34:54.260 which takes the form of increased taxation, general and local, partly for defraying the 313 00:34:54.260 --> 00:34:59.740 costs of carrying out these ever-multiplying sets of regulations, each of which requires 314 00:34:59.740 --> 00:35:05.540 an additional staff of officers, and partly to meet the outlay for new public institutions 315 00:35:05.540 --> 00:35:11.420 such as board schools, free libraries, public museums, baths and wash houses, recreation 316 00:35:11.420 --> 00:35:13.380 grounds etc. 317 00:35:13.380 --> 00:35:18.940 Federal rates are year after year increased, as the general taxation is increased by grants 318 00:35:18.940 --> 00:35:25.380 for education and to the departments of science and art, etc. Every one of these involves 319 00:35:25.380 --> 00:35:31.340 further coercion, restricts still more the freedom of the citizen, for the implied address 320 00:35:31.340 --> 00:35:37.180 accompanying every additional exaction is, hitherto you have been free to spend this 321 00:35:37.180 --> 00:35:41.980 portion of your earnings in any way which pleased you, hereafter you shall not be free 322 00:35:41.980 --> 00:35:53.140 Thus, either directly or indirectly, and in most cases both at once, the citizen is at 323 00:35:53.140 --> 00:35:58.380 each further stage in the growth of this compulsory legislation deprived of some liberty which 324 00:35:58.380 --> 00:36:01.460 he previously had. 325 00:36:01.460 --> 00:36:06.180 Such then are the doings of the party which claims the name of liberal, and which calls 326 00:36:06.180 --> 00:36:11.100 itself liberal as being the advocate of extended freedom. 327 00:36:11.100 --> 00:36:16.900 I doubt not that many a member of the party has read the preceding section with impatience, 328 00:36:16.900 --> 00:36:21.600 wanting as he does to point out an immense oversight which he thinks destroys the validity 329 00:36:21.600 --> 00:36:22.600 of the argument. 330 00:36:22.600 --> 00:36:29.060 You forgot, he wishes to say, the fundamental difference between the power which, in the 331 00:36:29.060 --> 00:36:35.740 past, established those restraints that liberalism abolished and the power which, in the present, 332 00:36:35.740 --> 00:36:38.980 establishes the restraints you call anti-liberal. 333 00:36:38.980 --> 00:36:45.360 You forget that the one was an irresponsible power while the other is a responsible power. 334 00:36:45.360 --> 00:36:51.800 You forget that if by the recent legislation of liberals people are variously regulated, 335 00:36:51.800 --> 00:36:56.640 the body which regulates them is of their own creating and has their warrant for its 336 00:36:56.640 --> 00:36:58.860 acts. 337 00:36:58.860 --> 00:37:04.020 My answer is that I have not forgotten this difference, but am prepared to contend that 338 00:37:04.020 --> 00:37:09.300 the differences in large measure irrelevant to the issue. 339 00:37:09.300 --> 00:37:14.220 In the first place, the real issue is whether the lives of citizens are more interfered 340 00:37:14.220 --> 00:37:20.080 with than they were, not the nature of the agency which interferes with them. 341 00:37:20.080 --> 00:37:21.980 Take a simpler case. 342 00:37:21.980 --> 00:37:26.720 A member of a trades union has joined others in establishing an organization of a purely 343 00:37:26.720 --> 00:37:29.400 representative character. 344 00:37:29.400 --> 00:37:33.620 By it he is compelled to strike if a majority so disliked. 345 00:37:33.620 --> 00:37:38.260 He is forbidden to accept work save under the conditions they dictate. 346 00:37:38.260 --> 00:37:44.460 He is prevented from profiting by his superior ability or energy to the extent he might do, 347 00:37:44.460 --> 00:37:46.840 were it not for their interdict. 348 00:37:46.840 --> 00:37:51.520 He cannot disobey without abandoning those pecuniary benefits of the organization for 349 00:37:51.520 --> 00:37:57.100 which he has subscribed, and bringing on himself the persecution and perhaps violence of his 350 00:37:57.100 --> 00:37:58.660 fellows. 351 00:37:58.660 --> 00:38:03.840 Is he any the less coerced, because the body coercing him is one which he had an equal 352 00:38:03.840 --> 00:38:07.660 voice with the rest informing? 353 00:38:07.660 --> 00:38:12.700 In the second place, if it be objected that the analogy is faulty, since the governing 354 00:38:12.700 --> 00:38:18.160 body of a nation, to which as protector of the national life and interest, all must submit 355 00:38:18.160 --> 00:38:23.720 under penalty of social disorganization, has a far higher authority over citizens than 356 00:38:23.720 --> 00:38:28.760 and the government of any private organization can have over its members, then the reply 357 00:38:28.760 --> 00:38:35.280 is that, granting the difference, the answer made continues valid. If men use their liberty 358 00:38:35.280 --> 00:38:42.800 in such a way as to surrender their liberty, are they thereafter any less slaves? If people 359 00:38:42.800 --> 00:38:48.420 by a plebiscite elect a man despot over them, do they remain free because the despotism 360 00:38:48.420 --> 00:39:18.420 are the coercive edict issued by him to be regarded as legitimate because they are the ultimate outcome of their own votes as well it might be argued that the East African who breaks a spear in another's presence that he may so become bondsman to him still retains his liberty because he freely chose his master finally if any not without marks of irritation as I can imagine repudiate 361 00:39:18.420 --> 00:39:35.420 and say that there is no true parallelism between the relation of people to government where an irresponsible single ruler has been permanently elected, and the relation where a responsible representative body is maintained and from time to time re-elected. 362 00:39:35.420 --> 00:39:43.420 Then there comes the ultimate reply, an altogether heterodox reply by which most will be greatly astonished. 363 00:39:43.420 --> 00:39:50.260 This reply is that these multitudinous restraining acts are not defensible on the ground that 364 00:39:50.260 --> 00:39:55.940 they proceed from a popularly chosen body, for that the authority of a popularly chosen 365 00:39:55.940 --> 00:40:02.120 body is no more to be regarded as an unlimited authority than the authority of a monarch, 366 00:40:02.120 --> 00:40:07.900 and that as true liberalism in the past disputed the assumption of a monarch's unlimited authority, 367 00:40:07.900 --> 00:40:13.060 so true liberalism in the present will dispute the assumption of unlimited parliamentary 368 00:40:13.060 --> 00:40:21.620 Of this, however, more are known. Here, I merely indicate it is an ultimate answer. 369 00:40:21.620 --> 00:40:28.700 Meanwhile, it suffices to point out that until recently, just as of old, true liberalism 370 00:40:28.700 --> 00:40:34.880 was shown by its acts to be moving towards the theory of a limited parliamentary authority. 371 00:40:34.880 --> 00:40:40.500 All these abolitions of restraints over religious beliefs and observances, over exchange and 372 00:40:40.500 --> 00:41:10.500 In the same way that the abandonment of sumptuary laws or of laws forbidding this or that kind of amusement, of laws dictating modes of farming and many others of like meddling nature, which took place in early days, was an implied admission that a state, a state, a state, a state, a state, a state, a state, a state, a state, a state, a state, a state, a state, a state, a state, a state, 373 00:41:10.500 --> 00:41:16.020 ought not to interfere in such matters, so those removals of hindrances to 374 00:41:16.020 --> 00:41:20.700 individual activities of one or other kind, which the liberalism of the last 375 00:41:20.700 --> 00:41:25.540 generation effected, were practical confessions that in these directions too 376 00:41:25.540 --> 00:41:31.460 the sphere of governmental action should be narrowed. And this recognition of the 377 00:41:31.460 --> 00:41:35.940 proprietary of restricting government action was a preparation for restricting 378 00:41:35.940 --> 00:41:51.940 One of the most familiar political truths is that, in the course of social evolution, usage precedes law, and that when usage has been well established, it becomes law by receiving authoritative endorsement and a defined form. 379 00:41:51.940 --> 00:42:02.940 Manifestly then, liberalism in the past, by its practice of limitation, was preparing the way for the principle of limitation. 380 00:42:02.940 --> 00:42:10.680 But returning from these more general considerations to the special question, I emphasize the reply 381 00:42:10.680 --> 00:42:16.180 that the liberty which a citizen enjoys is to be measured not by the nature of the governmental 382 00:42:16.180 --> 00:42:22.380 machinery he lives under, whether representative or other, but by the relative paucity of the 383 00:42:22.380 --> 00:42:29.000 restraints it imposes on him, and that, whether this machinery is or is not one he shared 384 00:42:29.000 --> 00:42:34.760 in Making, its actions are not of the kind proper to liberalism if they increase such 385 00:42:34.760 --> 00:42:39.800 restraints beyond those which are needful for preventing him from directly or indirectly 386 00:42:39.800 --> 00:42:45.640 aggressing on his fellows. Needful, that is, for maintaining the liberties of his fellows 387 00:42:45.640 --> 00:42:51.280 against his invasions of them, restraints which are therefore to be distinguished as 388 00:42:51.280 --> 00:43:21.280 Probably, however, the liberal and still more the subspecies radical, who more than any other, in these latter days, seems under the impression that so long as he has a good end in view, he is warranted in exercising over men all the coercion he is able, will continue to protest, knowing that his aim is popular benefit of some kind to be achieved in some way, and believes that it is the right thing to do. 389 00:43:21.280 --> 00:43:26.360 Believing that the Tory is, contrary-wise, prompted by class interest and the desire 390 00:43:26.360 --> 00:43:31.640 to maintain class power, he will regard it as palpable we have served to group him as 391 00:43:31.640 --> 00:43:36.680 one of the same genus, and will scorn the reasoning used to prove that he belongs to 392 00:43:36.680 --> 00:43:38.640 it. 393 00:43:38.640 --> 00:43:42.840 Perhaps an analogy will help him to see its validity. 394 00:43:42.840 --> 00:43:48.040 If away in the Far East, where personal government is the only form of government known, he heard 395 00:43:48.040 --> 00:43:52.740 from the Inhabitants an account of a struggle by which they had deposed a cruel and vicious 396 00:43:52.740 --> 00:44:00.000 despot and put in his place one whose acts proved his desire for their welfare, if, after 397 00:44:00.000 --> 00:44:05.520 listening to their self-gratulations, he told them that they had not essentially changed 398 00:44:05.520 --> 00:44:10.440 the nature of their government, he would greatly astonish them, and probably he would have 399 00:44:10.440 --> 00:44:15.440 difficulty in making them understand that the substitution of a benevolent despot for 400 00:44:15.440 --> 00:44:20.520 or a malevolent despot, still left the government a despotism. 401 00:44:20.520 --> 00:44:27.120 Similarly, with Toryism as rightly conceived, standing as it does for coercion by the state 402 00:44:27.120 --> 00:44:33.720 versus the freedom of the individual, Toryism remains Toryism, whether it extends this coercion 403 00:44:33.720 --> 00:44:37.280 for selfish or unselfish reasons. 404 00:44:37.280 --> 00:44:42.400 As certainly as the despot is still a despot, whether his motives for arbitrary rule are 405 00:44:42.400 --> 00:44:48.800 Whether good or bad, so certainly is the Tory still a Tory, whether he has egoistic or 406 00:44:48.800 --> 00:44:54.440 altruistic motives for using state power to restrict the liberty of the citizens beyond 407 00:44:54.440 --> 00:45:00.960 the degree required for maintaining the liberties of other citizens. The altruistic Tory, as 408 00:45:00.960 --> 00:45:06.880 well as the egoistic Tory, belongs to the genus Tory, though he forms a new species 409 00:45:06.880 --> 00:45:13.480 of the Genus, and both stand in distinct contrast with the liberal as defined in the days when 410 00:45:13.480 --> 00:45:19.360 liberals were rightly so called and when the definition was, one who advocates greater 411 00:45:19.360 --> 00:45:23.800 freedom from restraint, especially in political institutions. 412 00:45:23.800 --> 00:45:29.840 Thus, then, is justified the paradox I set out with. 413 00:45:29.840 --> 00:45:36.260 As we have seen, Toryism and liberalism originally emerged, the one from militancy and the other 414 00:45:36.260 --> 00:45:38.340 The other from industrialism. 415 00:45:38.340 --> 00:45:44.000 The one stood for the regime of status and the other for the regime of contract. 416 00:45:44.000 --> 00:45:48.860 The one for that system of compulsory cooperation which accompanies the legal inequality of 417 00:45:48.860 --> 00:45:55.940 classes and the other for that voluntary cooperation which accompanies their legal equality. 418 00:45:55.940 --> 00:46:00.220 And beyond all question, the early acts of the two parties were, respectively, for the 419 00:46:00.220 --> 00:46:05.280 maintenance of agencies which affect this compulsory cooperation and for the weakening 420 00:46:05.280 --> 00:46:12.280 Manifestly, the implication is that, in so far as it has been extending the system of compulsion, what is now called liberalism, is a new form of taurism. 421 00:46:12.280 --> 00:46:19.280 How truly this is so, we shall still see more clearly on looking at the facts, the other side upwards, which we will presently do. 422 00:46:19.280 --> 00:46:26.280 Note, by sundry newspapers which noticed this article, it is clear that this is not the case. 423 00:46:26.280 --> 00:46:32.880 Note 424 00:46:32.880 --> 00:46:38.200 By sundry newspapers which noticed this article when it was originally published, the meaning 425 00:46:38.200 --> 00:46:44.720 of the above paragraphs was supposed to be that liberals and Tories have changed places. 426 00:46:44.720 --> 00:46:51.440 This however is by no means the implication. A new species of Tory may arise without disappearance 427 00:46:51.440 --> 00:47:00.760 When saying, above, that in our days conservatives and liberals vie with one another in multiplying 428 00:47:00.760 --> 00:47:06.440 interferences, I clearly implied the belief that while liberals have taken to coercive 429 00:47:06.440 --> 00:47:13.200 legislation, conservatives have not abandoned it. Nevertheless, it is true that the laws 430 00:47:13.200 --> 00:47:18.440 made by liberals are so greatly increasing the compulsions and restraints exercised over 431 00:47:18.440 --> 00:47:23.600 for Citizens, that among conservatives who suffer from this aggressiveness, there is 432 00:47:23.600 --> 00:47:27.400 growing up a tendency to resist it. 433 00:47:27.400 --> 00:47:33.600 Proof is furnished by the fact that the Liberty and Property Defense League, largely consisting 434 00:47:33.600 --> 00:47:41.320 of conservatives, has taken for its motto individualism versus socialism, so that if 435 00:47:41.320 --> 00:47:46.880 the present drift of things continues, it may by and by really happen that the Tories 436 00:47:46.880 --> 00:47:51.680 These will be defenders of liberties which the liberals, in pursuit of what they think 437 00:47:51.680 --> 00:47:54.560 popular welfare, trample underfoot.